Semnan University International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications 2008-6822 2026 03 03 The effect of trade liberalization on trade balance of Iran 10522 10.22075/ijnaa.2025.36874.5398 EN Ali Salmanpour Department of Economics, Mara.C, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran Siamak ShokouhiFard Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ard.C, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran Hasan Hoseinzadeh Department of Mathematics, Ard.C, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-6346-3542 Ayyoub Sarafraz Pireivatlou Department of Management, Ard.C, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran Shahla Hosseini Department of Management, Ard.C, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 10 The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of trade liberalization on the trade balance of Iran's economy from 1993 to 2023 using modern econometric techniques, namely the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Johansen Co-integration technique. Trade Liberalization Trade Balance Openness ARDL Johanson Co-integration Technique https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10522_00c9f07b1f0782613ee5d3133d28cc01.pdf