Semnan University International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications 2008-6822 15 5 2024 05 01 Extraction of disjoint paths in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with mobile supernodes to enhance fault tolerance 213 224 7751 10.22075/ijnaa.2023.30488.4414 EN Fariborz Ahmadi Department of Computer Science, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Omid Abedi Department of Computer Science, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Sima Emadi Department of Computer Science, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 22 Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with mobile supernodes consist of n sensors and m mobile supernodes. Disjoint paths are used in these networks to enhance fault tolerance, improve the network lifetime, and implement an effective load distribution. The network topology is disrupted because disjoint paths disappear when a supernode changes its location to improve the network lifetime and avoid the death of adjacent nodes. This paper proposes a distributed method for finding disjoint paths from ordinary sensors to mobile supernodes when supernodes move to new locations. The proposed algorithm will have a message complexity of O(n2Δ) and an execution time of O(n2Δ2), in which n denotes the number of nodes, and Δ indicates the highest node degree. According to evaluation results, mobile supernodes led to a 96% longer lifetime than static supernodes, and the network fault tolerance with mobile supernodes was 7.1 times higher than the fault tolerance with static supernodes. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_7751_d358c6c75d37b93082cd3550deed48a6.pdf