https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/ International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications en daily 1 Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 21 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9363.html This paper introduces novel hyperoperations on metric spaces. While generally non-commutative, these hyperoperations satisfy the weak commutative property. We further establish necessary and sufficient conditions for associativity. Finally, we obtain a class of $\Gamma$-$H_v$-groups. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9453.html The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) originated in Wuhan and rapidly disseminated across China and subsequently the globe. This study aims to predict the trend of COVID-19-related deaths by optimizing the parameters of deep learning algorithms, particularly focusing on integrating big data. The performance of long-short-term memory (LSTM) learning models was rigorously compared with the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast future trends in COVID-19 fatalities. Through extensive data analysis and model optimization, the results indicate that the experimental results highlight the performance differences between the ARIMA and LSTM models in predicting COVID-19 outcomes. Specifically, the ARIMA model demonstrates superior performance with an accuracy of 87 percent, compared to the LSTM model's 79 percent accuracy. However, this does not mean ARIMA is unequivocally better than LSTM across all metrics. The findings suggest that the implementation of these predictive models can significantly improve the timeliness of reporting in existing surveillance systems, thereby enhancing public health responses and reducing societal costs associated with the pandemic. The study highlights the potential of using advanced predictive modelling to support healthcare planning and intervention strategies during global health crises. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9814.html  Let for $0\leq j\leq n$, $\varphi_j,\psi_j: \mathbb{D}\rightarrow\mathbb{D}$ and $u_j, v_j: \mathbb{D}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}$.  In this paper, we investigate boundedness of operator $$S =\sum_{j=0}^n  (D^j_{u_j, \varphi_j}-D^j_{v_j,\psi_j})$$ from Cauchy transform space into some analytic function spaces. Also, we obtain an exact formula for the norm of this operator. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9817.html In reliability studies, the probability $R = P(Y < X)$ is called “reliability”,  and  $X, Y$  are typically considered independent. However, in many applications, such an assumption may be unrealistic. In this paper, we consider the stress-strength reliability $R = P(Y < X)$ where the stress $Y$ and strength $X$ are dependent. We use a copula to describe dependence among random variables $X$ and $Y$. We obtain $R$ for several copula functions with exponential marginal and plot graphs of $R$ versus the dependence parameter to study the effect of (positive and negative) dependency on $R$. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9829.html This study centers on establishing the existence of a unique solution for a class of fractional differential equations that incorporate the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. The boundary conditions encompass a nonlocal condition involving integration in a sub-domain near the boundary. Initially, the precise solution is derived for the linear fractional differential equation. Subsequently, the Banach contraction mapping theorem is employed to establish the primary result for the general nonlinearity of the source term. Additionally, the validity and applicability of our primary result are illustrated through a specific example. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9837.html In this paper, we model the spread of COVID-19 in a population of people travelling between two areas. New research implies that traveling of the asymptomatic infectious individuals, (i.e., infected individuals who have no symptoms of the disease and individuals with symptoms of the disease that are not detected by the healthcare system) can bring disease from one region to other regions even if the infectious individuals who are detected by the healthcare system, (i.e., confirmed cases), are inhibited from traveling among regions. We study the effect of travelling between two areas on the dynamics of COVID-19. Our model is formulated as a system of ordinary differential equations, with terms accounting for disease transmission, recovery, birth, death, and travel between two areas. We will give an explicit formula for calculating the basic reproduction number, $\mathcal{R}_{0}$, in the quarantine mode of two areas and explicit bounds on $\mathcal{R}_{0}$ for the case where the residents of both areas are in contact with each other. Our computations reveal the relationship between the basic reproduction number, a crucial quantity in epidemic control, and travel and return rates between areas. This suggests that it is essential to strengthen restrictions on passengers once infectious diseases appear. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9860.html In this paper, an inverse problem of determining the time-dependent coefficient of a semilinear parabolic equation involving the Caputo fractional derivative in time, with nonlocal boundary and integral overdetermination conditions, is considered. Existence, uniqueness, and stability results of a classical solution are established using the Fourier method, the iteration method, and Gronwall's Lemma. Moreover, we provide an example to illustrate the obtained results. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9871.html The present article deals with a variational method, named the Mountain Pass Theorem. We prove the existence of nontrivial weak  solutions for the problem of the following form \begin{align*} \begin{cases} -(\alpha-\beta \int_\Omega \dfrac{1}{\varphi(\chi)} | \nabla \upsilon|^{\varphi(\chi)} d \chi) \Delta_{\varphi(\chi)} \upsilon+  |\upsilon|^{\psi(\chi)-2}\upsilon= \lambda~ \eta(\chi,\upsilon)& \chi \in\Omega,\\ (\alpha-\beta \int_{\partial \Omega} \dfrac{1}{\varphi(\chi)} | \nabla \upsilon|^{\varphi(\chi)} d \chi) | \nabla \upsilon|^{\varphi(\chi)-2} \dfrac{\partial \upsilon}{\partial \nu}=0&  \chi \in  \partial \Omega, \end{cases} \end{align*}  where $\alpha \ge \beta>0, \Delta_{\varphi(\chi)} \upsilon$ is the $\varphi(\chi)$-Laplacian operator, $\Omega$ is a smooth bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^N$ with smooth boundary $\partial \Omega$ and $\nu$ is the outer unit normal to $\partial \Omega$, $\varphi(\chi), \psi(\chi) \in C(\bar{\Omega})$ with $1< \varphi(\chi)<N, \varphi(\chi)<\psi(\chi)< \varphi^*(\chi):= \dfrac{N \varphi(\chi)}{N- \varphi(\chi)}$, $ \lambda>0$ is a real parameter and $\eta(\chi,t) \in C( \bar{\Omega} \times \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})$. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9893.html This present paper reports the effect of thermophoresis and Brownian motion on the electrical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-phase flow of nanofluid towards a linearly stretching sheet. The analysis is offered in cooperation with Joule heating, magnetic field, and chemical reaction. The flow model, represented by a highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations, is converted to dimensionless ordinary differential equations by introducing similarity transformations and then solved computationally using the optimal homotopy analysis method with the Mathematica package BVPh2.0, considering appropriate initial guesses and auxiliary linear operators. Behaviours of various variables affecting the flow, heat and mass transfer, and nanofluid volume fraction are analysed. Skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number are estimated and studied further. The results show that with increasing values of the thermophoresis parameter, the thermal boundary layer thickness increases near the wall. It is observed that higher values of the Brownian motion parameter tend to increase the fluid temperature profiles. It is also reported that larger values of the electric field parameter increase the local skin-friction coefficient significantly. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9899.html Let $\mathcal A$ be the class of analytic functions $f$ in the open unit disk ${\mathbb U}=\{z:\ |z|<1\}$ with the normalization conditions $f(0)=0$, $f'(0)=1.$ If $f(z) = z+ \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} a_n z^n$ and $\delta > 0$ are given, then the $T_\delta$-neighborhood of the function $f $ is defined as$$TN_\delta (f) = \left\{g(z)= z+ \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} b_n z^n \in \mathcal{ A} : \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} T_n\left|a_n - b_n\right| \leq \delta \right\},$$where $T= \left\{T_n\right\}_{n=2}^{\infty}$ is a sequence of positive numbers. In the present paper we investigate some problems concerning $T_{\delta}-$neighborhoods of analytic functions with $T = \left\{\frac{n^2}{3^n n!}\right\}_{n=2}^{\infty}$. One of the considered problems is to find a number $\delta^\ast_T(A, B)$ such that $$\delta^\ast_T(A, B)= \inf \left\{\delta >0 : B \subset TN_\delta(f) \: \textnormal{for all} \: f \in \mathcal A\right\},$$ where the sets $A,B \in \mathcal A$  are given. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9920.html In this work, our objective is to prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to a class of nonlinear degenerate weighted elliptic p(u)-Laplacian problem with Dirichlet-type and $L^{\infty}$ data. For this, we utilise some results from Sobolev spaces with weighted and variable exponents, as well as theorems such as the Minty-Browder theorem. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9941.html This paper provides a characterization for zero divisor graphs of a completely primary finite ring $R$ satisfying the conditions $\left(Z\left(R\right)\right)^5=\left(0\right); \left(Z\left(R\right)\right)^4\neq \left(0\right)$ where $Z(R)$ is its subset of all zero divisors (including zero). This has been achieved through Anderson and Livingston's zero divisor graphs by precisely determining the graph invariants, including diameter, girth and the binding number, and graph characteristics including completeness, connectedness and partiteness. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9946.html In this paper, we present findings on the placement of zeros of generalized derivative of polynomials, drawing parallels to those observed in the ordinary derivative of polynomials. Mathematicians have broadened the scope of the Gauss-Lucas Theorem, a classic principle that deals with zero location in polynomials and their derivatives. The new work expands it to cover convex linear combinations of incomplete polynomials. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9956.html Let $A$ be a unital Banach $*$-algebra with unit $1$, and $X$ be a Banach $*$-$A$-bimodule. In this paper, we determining continuous linear maps $\delta:A\longrightarrow X$ that satisfy one of the following conditions:\[\delta(x \diamond y)=\delta(x)\diamond y, \]\[\delta(x \diamond y \diamond x)=\delta(x)\diamond y \diamond x,\]for all $x,y\in A$ with $xy=1$, where $x \diamond y=x^*y-y^*x$. We also characterize continuous linear maps $\phi:A\longrightarrow B$ which behave like homomorphisms at the identity products. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_9993.html This study aims for the global existence and blow-up of solutions for a class of nonlinear viscoelastic higher-order $p(x)$-Laplacian equations. First, we prove the global existence of solutions in the appropriate range of the variable exponents and next, by using different methods, we prove the blow-up of solutions with positive and negative initial energy. Our results are new, and it is the first time that taken into consideration, extending and improving the earlier results in the literature, such as (Bol. Soc. Mat. Mex.., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40590-023-00551-x). https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10014.html The article explores the study of approximation controllability in a particular subset of differential inclusion systems that include non-instantaneous impulses in the Banach space X. By using non-linear alternatives for Kakutani mappings, semi-group theory, and fixed-point theorems. Our approach yields noteworthy conclusions. Furthermore, we provide a concrete example to clarify how the suggested theoretical framework might be used in practice. An investigation of the concept of approximation controllability is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of a system, especially in situations when attaining exact control is difficult. When we consider systems with impulses that do not happen instantly, we face complexity that requires advanced mathematical techniques for a comprehensive examination. Our study expands the theoretical comprehension of controllability in complex systems and provides valuable insights for both theoretical investigation and practical applications in control theory. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10056.html This paper deals with designing a sliding mode formation controller for a group of quadrotors in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. In this approach, first-order, terminal, super-twisting, and nonsingular super-twisting terminal sliding mode controllers were developed and compared with each other. In the first-order controller, the phenomenon of chattering was observed in the control commands, which was solved by using the boundary layer method. Also, the results of the sensitivity analysis of the controllers showed that the nonsingular super-twisting terminal controller is less sensitive to the variation of the controller parameters, so this method was applied to control both the position and attitude of the flight formation of quadrotors. The formation strategy is based on a leader-follower approach. The leader tracks the prescribed reference trajectory, and the followers retain a constant distance from the leader. In addition, the proposed controllers are applied in the form of three missions to validate the formation controller results. In the first mission, the formation of three triangular quadrotors along the spiral path has been successfully attained. In the second task, the three quadrotors linearly track the S-shaped path. The third one is the same as the previous one, except that the number of quadrotors has increased to five. The results of the simulation showed that the convergence time and the overshoot/undershoot of the outputs are less than the other three methods in the nonsingular super-twisting terminal sliding mode controller. The simulation results for the mentioned missions for different paths, geometries, and the number of quadrotors indicate that the applied method has been successful in reducing the effects of disturbances and uncertainties, and the agents succeed in formation flight precisely. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10069.html In this paper, we present a mathematical model based on the evolutionary game theory of the performance of banks, regulators and advisory committees on NPLs. This model can help banks control these loans in times of crisis so that they can make optimal decisions and identify and adjust the parameters affecting these decisions. This article is designed to provide guidelines for controlling non-performing loans (NPLs) during crises. Using evolutionary game theory, the game is presented between the bank, the regulators and the advisory committee to prevent the increase of this loan. The results show that by strengthening the presence of regulators and advisory committee and their effective supervision of the bank, it is possible to help control these loans in the context of the global crisis. In this paper, the parameters affecting NPLs using the evolutionarily stable strategy are shown. Also, by identifying and adjusting some of these parameters, suggestions for controlling these loans are presented. By controlling these types of loans in times of crisis, banks can invest in new activities and increase their growth and profitability. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10075.html In this paper, we describe multi-subspace-supercyclic operators and investigate them. We prove that any subspace-supercyclic operator and multi-supercyclic operator are multi-subspace-supercyclic. Also,  we prove that an operator is multi-subspace-supercyclic if and only if any powers of it are multi-subspace-supercyclic. Furthermore, we define a subspace-supercyclic $C_{0}$-semigroup. We state that as a $C_{0}$-semigroup that contains a multi-subspace-supercyclic operator, it is multi-subspace-supercyclic. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10084.html In this study, we use certain mathematical tools to analyze the solutions of a system of fractional $q$-differential equation ${}^C\mathbb{D}_{q}^{\sigma_i} [\wp](\mathfrak{t}) = \mathfrak{w}_i( \mathfrak{t},  \wp(\mathfrak{t}), {}^C\mathbb{D}_{q}^{{}_i\nu_{j}} [\wp](\mathfrak{t}), \mathbb{I}_{q}^{{}_{i}\nu_j} [\wp] (\mathfrak{t}) )$, $i=~1$ whenever $\mathfrak{t} \in [0, \mathfrak{t}_0]$, and $i=2$ whenever $\mathfrak{t} \in [\mathfrak{t}_0, 1]$, for $j=1,2$, such as fixed point theorem of Krasnoselskii and Banach contraction principle, under simultaneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. Here, we use standard definitions of the Liouville-Caputo fractional type $q-$derivative and Riemann-Liouville $q-$integral. Some illustrative examples with numerical results are discussed, too. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10104.html Let $\Delta$ be a simplicial complex on vertex set $\{ x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n} \}$. It is shown that if $\Delta$ is a Cohen-Macaulay simplicial complex of codimension 2, then $\Delta$ is partitionable and Stanley's conjecture holds for $K[\Delta]$. As a consequence, we show that if $\Delta$ is a quasi-forest simplicial complex, then $\Delta^\vee$ is shellable. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10112.html The Leray-Lions operators attract much attention because they are flexible enough to be specified for different elliptic operators. The goal of this paper is to obtain the existence of at least three distinct weak solutions for a Leray-Lions problem of $r(x)$-Kirchhoff type and a nonexistence result in the exponent constant case. The technique is constructed on variational methods. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10138.html Let $R$ be a commutative Noetherian ring, and let $\mathfrak a$ be a proper ideal of $R$. Let $M$ be a non-zero finitely generated $R$-module with the finite projective dimension $p$, and let $N$ be a non-zero finitely generated $R$-module of dimension $d$. Assume that $c$ is the greatest non-negative integer with the property that $\operatorname{H}^i_{\mathfrak a}(M, N)$, the $i$-th generalized local cohomology module of $M, N$ with respect to $\mathfrak a$, is non-zero. It is known that $\operatorname{H}^i_{\mathfrak a}(M, N)$ is zero for all $i>p+d$ and the top generalized local cohomology $\operatorname{H}^{p+d}_{\mathfrak a}(M, N)$ is Artinian. In this paper, we study the vanishing and attached primes of $\operatorname{H}^{p+d}_{\mathfrak a}(M, N)$. Also, we prove that if $\operatorname{H}^{p+r}_{\mathfrak a}(M, R/\mathfrak p)=0$ for a fixed non-negative integer $r$ and for all $\mathfrak p$ in $\operatorname {supp}_R(N)$, then $\operatorname{H}^{p+s}_{\mathfrak a}(M, N)=0$ for all $s\geq r$ and so $c<p+r$. We deduce that if $p\leq c$, then$$c=p+\min\{t\in\mathbb N_0: \operatorname{H}^{p+t}_{\mathfrak a}(M, R/\mathfrak p)=0 \text{ for all } \mathfrak p\in\operatorname {supp}_R(N)\}-1.$$Also, we prove that, for each $i$ with $p\leq i\leq c$, there exists $\mathfrak p_i$ in $\operatorname{supp}_R(N)$ such that $\operatorname{H}^{i}_{\mathfrak a}(M, R/\mathfrak p_i)\neq 0$. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10142.html This work deals with a class of fractional Schrödinger-Maxwell systems related to the distributional Riesz fractional gradient. First, we introduce the latter operator and investigate its appropriate functional framework. Then, we pose the given problem in that space. Applying variational methods combined with the Symmetric Mountain Pass critical point Theorem, we obtain the existence of infinitely many nontrivial solutions in Bessel potential space. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10155.html This paper aims to establish stability for a system of Euler-Lagrange quadratic functional equations by applying the so-called direct (Hyers) method and a fixed point technique in the setting of fuzzy normed spaces.  Comparing the results obtained by the mentioned ways, we find that the fixed point tool not only needs a less conditions for the proofs but also gives us a more exact approximation of approximately Euler-Lagrange-type quadratic mappings in comparison to the direct approach. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10168.html ‎In this paper we deal with the multiplicity of solutions for the following Kirchhoff-type problem with Navier-boundary conditions‎‎\begin{equation*}‎‎\begin{gathered}‎‎\mathcal{K} \Big (\int_{\Lambda}\frac{1}{l(\chi)}|\Delta \varphi|^{l(\chi)}d\chi\Big) \Delta (|\Delta \varphi|^{l(\chi)-2}\Delta \varphi)=\theta |\varphi|^{r(\chi)-2}\varphi‎ +‎\eta |\varphi|^{t(\chi)-2}\varphi \quad \text{in } \Lambda,\\‎‎\varphi =\Delta \varphi =0 \quad \text{on } \partial\Lambda‎.‎\end{gathered}‎‎\end{equation*}‎‎where $\Lambda$ is a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ and its boundary $\partial \Lambda$, is smooth ‎, ‎and $\mathcal{K} $ is a continuous Kirchhoff-type function‎, ‎$l(\chi),r(\chi)$ and $t(\chi)$ are continuous functions on $\overline{\Lambda}$‎, ‎and $\theta$ and $\eta$ are parameters‎. ‎We investigate multiple solutions for this equation by using the variational methods‎. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10173.html Bessel functions arise in the solution of many physical and mathematical problems. This, with some other special functions, has recently gained increased importance in the study of geometric function theory. The aim of this paper is to establish some geometric properties such as coefficient inequalities, characterization properties and convolution properties for the new subclasses $Q_n(\lambda,\alpha,\beta,\mu,t)$, $P_n(\lambda,\alpha,\beta,\mu,t)$ and $P^*_n(\lambda,\alpha,\beta,\mu,t)$ of univalent functions defined by Opoola Differential Operator in collaboration with generalized Bessel functions. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10178.html The isomorphism of graphs is one of the main themes of graph theory. This study aims to investigate the dialectical language used by teachers when teaching the concept of graph isomorphism. In the study, using the qualitative research method, instructional videos of 4 courses on teaching the concept of graph isomorphism were viewed by two educators and interviews were conducted with both educators after teaching the concept. After the content analysis, the conceptual metaphors used by the educators in the interview and class were identified and categorized into four main categories: Sameness, Mapping, Sameness/Mapping and Formal Definition. The research results showed that both educators paid more attention to sameness metaphors in the classroom setting and to the metaphors of mapping and formal definition metaphors in the interview setting. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10185.html This paper introduces the optimization of path control and accuracy enhancement of industrial robots using the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. DE, known for its simplicity and adaptability, efficiently minimizes path deviation, energy consumption, and accuracy errors, outperforming traditional methods like PID and MPC. Using a two-degree-of-freedom articulated robot model, the DE algorithm demonstrated superior performance in reducing time and energy costs while improving accuracy in complex environments. The results highlight DE’s potential for precision-critical tasks such as assembly and welding, offering a robust and flexible alternative for industrial applications. Future research will focus on extending DE’s capabilities to more complex robotic systems and refining its parameter tuning for enhanced performance in diverse operational settings. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10196.html The purpose of this paper is to present some fixed point results in spaces endowed with a vector-valued $ F$-metric. The results are extensions or generalizations of results proved by Perov \cite{Perov}. To show the usability of our results, we present two examples. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10226.html For a locally compact group \(G\), let \(L_0^\infty(G)\) be the Banach space of all essentially bounded measurable functions on \(G\) vanishing at infinity. Here, we deal with a derivation problem for the Banach algebra \(L_0^\infty(G)^*\) equipped with a multiplication of Arens type. We first show that the Singer-Wermer conjecture for \(L_0^\infty(G)^*\) is valid only in the case where $G$ is abelian. Also, we characterize various cohomological properties for \(L_0^\infty(G)^*\) according to algebraic and topological properties of \(G\); in particular, we obtain diverse properties of \(G\) in terms of these notions based on derivations of \(L_0^\infty(G)^*\). https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10243.html In this paper, we are interested in finding regions of some quaternionic polynomials with restricted coefficients. We relax the hypothesis and put less restrictive conditions on the coefficients of the quaternionic polynomial, and thereby generalize some known results by virtue of a maximum modulus theorem. The obtained results for the class of quaternionic polynomials generalize some recently proved results about the distribution of zeros of polynomials. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10249.html Given $p, q \in \mathbb{R}$. The purpose of this paper is to discuss inequalities related to $p$-angular and $q$-angular distances for operators. We present some inequalities for absolute value operators which are generalization of inequalities studied by Zou et al. The equality conditions are also investigated. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10261.html The present study aims to explain the role of banks' market power in creating liquidity during periods of economic boom and recession. The case study in this research includes commercial and specialized banks in Iran for the period from 2011 to 2021. In order to examine the research hypotheses based on the multiple regression method in the EViews 10 software, after checking the stationarity of the data and the assumptions of the regression model, the data analysis was conducted. The Lerner index was used to measure the market power of banks as the independent variable of the research, while the inverse ratio of sustainable net financing based on Basel III liquidity requirements was used to measure the dependent variable of the research, which is liquidity creation. The economic boom and recession variable was also considered as a moderating variable in the present study. The results showed that bank market power has a positive and significant effect on the creation of bank liquidity at the 99% confidence level, and the impact of economic boom and recession on liquidity creation in banks is significant at the 90% confidence level. Therefore, changes in economic boom and recession affect the liquidity creation of banks. Economic boom and recession also have a significant impact on the relationship between bank market power and liquidity creation in banks, at the 95% confidence level. This suggests that changes in economic conditions can impact the effect of bank market power on liquidity creation within banks. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10263.html Our objective in this paper is to introduce a newly constructed subclass of univalent functions. The Gegenbauer Polynomials are very successful in the theory of polynomials because they extend many polynomials, such as Legendre, Chebyshev polynomials, etc. Also, the Babolala operator for a fixed real number is used. Furthermore, by applying the convolution structures and subordination property, the new subclass is obtaind. For this new subclass, first, the share coefficient bounds are determined. These coefficient estimates are very important to obtain the geometric properties. So after that, we obtain the radii of starlikeness, convexity and close-to-convexity. Also, under some restrictions on parameters, we show that the newly defined subclass has a convolution-preserving property. Finally, the convexity of this subclass is pointed out. Our objective in this paper is to introduce a newly constructed subclass of univalent functions. The Gegenbauer Polynomials are very successful in the theory of polynomials because they extend many polynomials, such as Legendre, Chebyshev polynomials, etc. Also, the Babolala operator for a fixed real number is used. Furthermore, by applying the convolution structures and subordination property, the new subclass is obtaind. For this new subclass, first, the share coefficient bounds are determined. These coefficient estimates are very important to obtain the geometric properties. So after that, we obtain the radii of starlikeness, convexity and close-to-convexity. Also, under some restrictions on parameters, we show that the newly defined subclass has a convolution-preserving property. Finally, the convexity of this subclass is pointed out. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10264.html The aim of the current research was to provide strategies for the supply chain management of mobile phone value-added services. Therefore, in terms of the goal, this research was apart from developmental research and in terms of the method of collecting findings, it was apart from mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research. The data base method was used in the qualitative part, and the structural equation modeling method was used in the quantitative part. The statistical population in the qualitative section included university professors, managers and heads of the Ministry of Communications, and in the quantitative section included experts and managers of the Ministry of Communications. In the qualitative section, 15 people were selected as a sample using the purposeful snowball sampling method, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with them, and it went to the stage of theoretical saturation, and in the quantitative section, 280 people were selected by random sampling. The tool for collecting findings was a semi-structured interview in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. Validation of the research tool was calculated in the qualitative part with the criteria of Lincoln and Guba [13] and in the quantitative part with confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha test. Data analysis was done in the qualitative part with Strauss and Corbin's three-step coding method [21] in the Maxqda software environment and in the quantitative part with structural equation modeling in the SmartPLS software. Based on the findings of the research in the qualitative part, 328 open codes, 26 core codes and 10 selective codes including agility and flexibility, customer orientation, innovation and creativity, risk management, cooperation with strategic suppliers, environmental and market analysis, use of information technology, Development of flexibility, development of sustainability and social and improvement of logistics processes were identified for the supply chain management strategies of mobile value added services. The findings of the quantitative section showed that all the identified components and strategies were able to predict the main structure well, and the fit rate of the model was calculated as 0.663. According to these findings, it is suggested that telecommunications and mobile phone companies use these identified strategies for supply chain management. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10273.html This research is dedicated to establishing the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a Caputo-Fabrizino fractional differential system. Additionally, it explores the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias and Hyers-Ulam-Mittag-Leffler stability of these solutions. This study utilizes the alternative fixed point theorem as a fundamental tool in its analysis. In recent papers, authors used the Schauder fixed point theorem and the Laplace transform to prove the stability of Caputo-Fabrizio equations, but we use the alternative fixed point theorem to prove the stability of these equations. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10276.html Today, with the rapid growth of Internet-based service delivery services, the realization of numerous applications, including mobile mass surveillance, has become possible. In mobile crowd sensing, equipment located at the edges of the network can be used to provide computing services, storage and execution of functions that have time priorities. Despite the many studies that have been done in the past on the application of the mobile crowd sensing approach, the management of handling heterogeneous requests by considering the quality of service has not been comprehensively investigated yet. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to provide an approach to allocate heterogeneous tasks in the form of implementing mobile crowd sensing in such a way that both the period for the completion of the activity is reduced and the quality of coverage and service level are observed at an optimal level. Since the participating groups in such an approach have conflicts of interest, therefore, the Stackelberg inverse game theory has been used as a tool to manage the level of user participation and consider the benefit of all players. One of the features of this game model is the possibility of implementing it without having complete information about all players. In order to reach the equilibrium point of the game, the optimal strategy of the applicants is determined by using the deep reinforcement learning algorithm, because this method can be useful in finding the appropriate proposed strategy by using the history of interactions. One of the important challenges when applying learning algorithms is the lack of stability during the execution of the learning process. In this regard, an approximate policy has been used to approximate the values of the reward function, which prevents divergence during the implementation of the learning process. Another important challenge is knowing the density of user participation in mobile mass monitoring programs. The higher the number of monitoring nodes in an area, the better the coverage quality can be. For this purpose, the fuzzy system has been used, which can estimate the level of participation density by having the time range of users' presence in the study area and the level of geographic density. In this paper, three characteristics of activity completion time frame, service quality and coverage level have been evaluated. According to the obtained results, the use of such an approach increases the coverage level by more than 17\% compared to the average of common methods. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10282.html  In this research, the (Box-Jenkins) methodology and artificial neural networks in predicting theoretical and practical levels were identified and clarified by constructing time series models and artificial networks to predict the mortality rate of Iraq and the data represented by the mortality rate for the time period (1980-2028). It was obtained from the Central Statistical  Organization where the data were analyzed using time series according to the Box-Jenkins method and artificial neural networks using the program (Eviws.v9, SPSS, Zaitun.TS) and the most important conclusions and recommendations were reached, the most important of which proved the time series model using residues and values The ARMA model has its advantage over the neural network model for predicting Iraqi mortality. So we recommend using this form. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10284.html In this research, the relationship between transformational leadership style, human resource strategy, and organizational strategy was evaluated using structural equations. For this purpose, the general veterinary department of Semnan Province was selected as the research community and the research samples were selected from this community. Three questionnaires were used to collect information in this research. First, the transformational leadership questionnaire [3] by Bass and Avolio used 20 items, the second questionnaire by Schneider, Barso [33], used 7 items and the third questionnaire made by the researcher of strategic human resources management with 43 items. The validity of the questionnaires used in this study was confirmed by experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaires. Also, the structural equation method and SPSS and LISREL software were used for data analysis. Based on the results obtained from the research, the strategy of organizations is affected by the internal dimension of human resource management strategy, with a coefficient of (0.34) and with a coefficient of (0.29) affected by the environmental dimension of human resource management strategy. The internal dimension of human resource management strategy receives the greatest impact from the variables of ideal influence (with a coefficient of 0.43) and individual consideration (with a coefficient of 0.34). Also, the environmental dimension of the human resources management strategy also receives the greatest impact from the variables of ideal influence (with a coefficient of 0.31) and inspirational motivation (with a coefficient of 0.28). https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10297.html In this paper, we study the influence of the ``normal family" concept on the meromorphic functions $\xi_{1}(z)$ and $\xi_{2}(z)$ and the behavior of two nonlinear differential polynomials with a shared polynomial of a specific degree. Our investigation leads to uniqueness results for $\mathcal{P}(\xi_{1}(z))\mathcal{L}^{m}(\xi_{1}(z))$ and $\mathcal{P}(\xi_{2}(z))\mathcal{L}^{m}(\xi_{2}(z))$ under these circumstances. In addition, the results generalize and extend the findings of Cao and Zhang. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10307.html Increasing the quality of profit can have significant economic consequences, including enhanced investment efficiency. Although strong and stable theories support this relationship, there is very little empirical evidence for this claim. By increasing reporting and the quality of information provided, companies can bring their investments closer to the efficiency limit. This research aims to investigate whether the relationship between debt and profit quality exhibits a nonlinear relationship. If this relationship is non-linear, is the relationship related to long-term or short-term debts? This research has been carried out in the framework of inductive-inductive arguments. In this research, library and field methods were used to collect information. The theoretical bases and research carried out were used as a library basis. The statistical population of this research includes all the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the financial periods of 2013-2022. According to the systematic elimination method, 217 final samples were selected. According to research findings, there is a positive relationship between low levels of debt and profit quality, but for higher levels of debt, the relationship is negative. This suggests that at high levels of debt, it is preferable to reduce the quality of profits so that they do not suffer losses due to breach of contracts. Also, according to the McNichols model, the results show a statistically significant relationship between the volume of debts and the quality of profits, and the first hypothesis is confirmed. Also, because the probability value of the total debts and the square of the total debts variables is more than 0.05. The quality of profit has a significant and non-linear effect on the volume of short-term debt in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. That is, no U-shaped or inverted U-shaped effect has been seen in this relationship; the relationship between the quality of profit and the amount of short-term debt is not a direct linear relationship, so that an increase (decrease) in ownership will not change the amount of short-term debt. Also, there is a significant and positive relationship between accounting profit management and short-term debt maturity. In fact, managers have a greater incentive to manage earnings by using short-term debt. This result is consistent with the debt contract hypothesis and financial helplessness theory. Therefore, according to the McNichols model, the non-linear relationship between the volume of debts and the quality of profit is also related to short-term debts and not only long-term debts. In this way, based on this model, the second hypothesis is rejected. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10315.html This research paper focuses on the load-bearing capacity of strip footings constructed on Geocell-reinforced sand slopes. The study included various experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the behavior of Geocell reinforcement when subjected to bending loads. The results indicated that when the height of the Geocell increased, the deep beam behavior was more pronounced, which suggests that the Geocell layer can act effectively as a deep beam. Additionally, the study revealed that when eccentric loading is applied to foundations near the sand slope crest, it decreases the footing's initial bearing capacity. When altering the geometry of a sand slope is not feasible and modifying the geotechnical properties of the soil is either impractical or expensive, the implementation of appropriate soil reinforcement can prove to be beneficial. Lastly, the findings of the study suggest that an increase in the number of Geocells can bring the foundation's load-bearing capacity closer to the loading capacity of a foundation on horizontal ground. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10323.html In this paper, using variational methods and critical point theory, we prove the existence of multiple solutions for a class of second order differential equations with nonlinear derivative dependence involving a positive parameter. Some recent results are extended and improved. Some examples are presented to demonstrate the application of our main results. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10332.html The performance of healthcare centers is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon that requires meeting the expectations and satisfying various key stakeholders at different levels of these service organisations. The main objective of this paper is to present a ranking model for social security healthcare centers using a multi-level performance evaluation. This applied research has a mixed approach. The data collection tools are library studies and questionnaires, and the data were analysed using a one-sample t-test and exploratory factor analysis. The multi-level performance evaluation model for social security hospitals was reviewed through a questionnaire survey, and the themes of individual, group, and organizational levels were identified, which examine various aspects of individual and organizational performance. Simultaneous attention to the performance of employees, organizational units, and the entire organization in the performance evaluation of healthcare centers can lead to a more comprehensive understanding. It can help rank and improve the effectiveness of performance improvement programs. The findings of this research can be used as a model for other healthcare centers. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10333.html Modelling complex systems where connections are transient requires a departure from static graph theory. This paper proposes a comprehensive mathematical framework for {Temporal Graphs}, extending classical concepts to capture dynamic interactions and causality. We identify fundamental limitations in static representations, specifically the "Path Existence Fallacy" and "Flow Indistinguishability." To resolve these, we introduce the novel concept of {$(f, g)$-homomorphism}, a structural mapping $f$ coupled with a temporal mapping $g$, which allows for the modelling of time dilation, contraction, and reversal within network flows. Furthermore, we define hierarchical temporal graphs (HTGs) for multi-scale analysis. Finally, we present a rigorous list of open problems in pure mathematics—ranging from temporal fixed point theory to persistent homology—and future applications in quantum computing and blockchain dynamics. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10338.html The phenomenon of population ageing and non-compliance with the existing laws of the social security pension fund is a great threat to the financial stability and existence of this fund, which indicates the need to correct it even more. This research aims to present the optimal strategy of parametric reforms in the form of different hypothetical scenarios for the reforms of contribution rate, retirement age, and replacement rate reduction in the framework of automatic balancing mechanisms. The data analysis and collection are based on the optimization results of the non-linear model in the MATLAB software environment using ultra-heuristic algorithms of crystal structure and particle swarm. The findings of the research indicate that restoring the stability of the fund in the future 20-year horizon requires a gradual increase of 9 years in the effective retirement age. But this process can be combined with a policy of increasing the contribution rate by 9% or reducing the replacement rate, only requiring an increase of 5 years in the retirement age. Therefore, adopting the policy of reducing the replacement rate and gradually increasing the contribution rate, along with increasing the retirement age, will reduce the trend of increasing the retirement age in order to maintain the stability of the fund. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10345.html In this paper, we develop and apply the extrapolation method to a large class of nonlinear systems of Volterra integral equations. These systems arise in many physical and medical phenomena models, such as plasma and diseases, which can be investigated through mathematical models. The solutions of such systems require to be obtained on a long independent variable interval. We show that for such kernels, this method converges on a long interval. We apply the method on the unit interval $[0,1]$ and obtain the solution through $[0,1]$. Then, we apply the method on $[1,2]$, and use the solution on $[0,1]$ as the lag term; hence, we obtain the solution on $[0,2]$. We continue this procedure on $[0,n]$, for some positive integer $n$. We show that in the presented kernel, the error on $[0,n]$ is not propagated to $[n,n+1]$. Hence, we can use the proposed method on a long interval and also for stiff problems. We give a total algorithm for the proposed method and then establish a convergence analysis for it. As we shall see in the last example, the method is a powerful technique for stiff problems. Finally, we show the applicability and accuracy of the method in some sample problems. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10352.html This research aims to optimise portfolio selection using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). This research employs both objective and descriptive analysis in data collection and processing. The assessment models of strategic programs such as the FAHP, are utilized to conduct this research. The studied population consists of all companies listed on the the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2023, and 7 companies are considered as the sample. The descriptive statistics including the demographic data of statistical samples such as the tables of frequency distribution, descriptive diagrams, etc, are utilized for data analysis in this research, and also the inferential statistics by FAHP are used for weighting the options. According to the results, the prioritization of portfolio selection criteria is as follows: Expected return, liquidity and risk criterion. Furthermore, the prioritization of studied listed companies is as follows: Esfahan's Mobarakeh Steel Company, Pipe and Machine Manufacturing Company of Iran, Borujerd Textile Company, Rolling Mill \& Steel Production Co., IRAN Merinos Co., Sadid Industrial Group, and Tous Wool Weaving Co. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10355.html In this paper, new concepts of geodesic exponentially preinvex and invex functions on Riemannian manifolds are introduced. Additionally, some properties of these functions are investigated. The class of generalized geodesic exponentially preinvex and invex functions is presented. Optimality results are then proved for an optimization problem involving geodesic exponentially invex functions. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10363.html This study aims to simulate an adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy inference system model of innovation labs, which is a model to predict the level of digitization of the innovation process in knowledge-based companies. The results of 188 indicators were distributed among 18 experts in this field in the form of a 5-point Likert questionnaire and a two-round Delphi method. The result of the work was 5 components as input to the model, which were sent in the form of a questionnaire to 230 knowledge-based companies in Pardis Technology Park, of which 198 companies completed and resubmitted. From this number of samples, 150 data points were isolated for training data and 48 data as model testing based on a random function. In the last phase, i.e. modelling, the adaptive fuzzy-neural inference method was used for the model. The network separation method or the lookup table (PG) in MATLAB 2023 software was used to evaluate the performance of the model using the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error(E). This research was able to present the design model of a smart innovation lab with a very low error. As a result, it was able to achieve effective indicators in the degree of digitalization of the innovation process. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10372.html The extended fractional Korteweg–de Vries (K-dV) equation is examined in this paper through the Jacobi elliptic method. This approach is a powerful technique capable of generating multiple forms of solutions, making it highly useful for representing various types of wave behaviors. The graphical interpretations clearly illustrate the dynamics of the obtained solutions. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to provide exact analytical solutions for the fractional K-dV equation, and the findings hold significant theoretical and practical value in areas such as optical signal transmission, plasma wave dynamics, and ocean wave propagation. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10375.html The present study has analyzed and presented the model of factors influencing the creation of political communication in banks with financial constraints. For this purpose; The information of 12 banks accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange for ten years (from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2023), research variables were calculated, and necessary statistical tests were done. The current research method is descriptive-correlation, and its design is experimental and uses a post-event approach to test research hypotheses. Multivariable linear regression was used, which was investigated and tested using statistical and econometric methods. Hypotheses have been discussed. Research findings indicated that in banks with financial restrictions, the size of the board of directors hurts creating political connections in banks with financial constraints; The independence of the board of directors harms creating political connections and in banks with financial restrictions; and the dual role of the CEO hurts creating political connections. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10380.html In this research work, we define a tetranacci function $\zeta: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$  satisfying$$\zeta(4+\omega) = \zeta (3+\omega) + \zeta (2+\omega)+ \zeta (1+\omega)+ \zeta (\omega),$$for all $\omega \in \mathbb{R}$.  We apply induction technique to obtain useful results for tetranacci functions with tetranacci numbers and also prove that $\lim \limits_{\omega \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\zeta(\omega+1)}{\zeta(\omega)} = \delta >1$, where $\delta$  is one of the zeros of the equation $\omega^{4} - \omega^{3} - \omega^{2} - \omega -1 = 0$. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10386.html Energy consumption in buildings is predominantly attributed to heating and cooling of enclosed spaces. To address this, a concrete facade system enhanced with additives in ultra-high efficiency concrete has been proposed to potentially lower building energy usage. This study investigates the impact of incorporating air bubbles into concrete on its compressive and thermal properties. A total of 30 samples were tested: 15 for compressive strength and 15 for thermal performance. The test results were utilized to simulate energy consumption in two chambers, each measuring $2\times 2$ meters with a height of 2.5 meters, using concrete walls with varying thermal conductivity coefficients via DesignBuilder software. Multiple scenarios were analyzed to assess building energy performance. The numerical modeling results indicated a positive outcome, with a 30% reduction in energy consumption associated with conventional concrete walls. These findings suggest that advancements in facade systems, including the use of exposed concrete panels or alternative materials, could significantly reduce energy use, fuel consumption, and overall economic costs in large-scale construction. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10391.html Currently, given the heavy traffic and chaotic transportation situation in the metropolitan area of Tehran, it's necessary to improve the moral intelligence of employees. This enhancement aims to increase employee productivity in delivering transportation services. One of the prominent characteristics of modern managers is their ability to foster ethics and elevate moral intelligence among employees. The present research was carried out with the aim of providing a model for improving the moral intelligence of the employees of the Transportation and Traffic Organization of Tehran Municipality. The present research is a combination and a mixed-method study. The participants, in the qualitative section conducted through the Delphi method, included 22 experts in the field until reaching theoretical saturation. In the quantitative section, employees of the headquarters of the Transportation and Traffic Organization of Tehran Municipality were involved, totalling 86 individuals. Using Cochran's formula and the convenience sampling method, 82 individuals were selected as the sample members. The validity of the qualitative section was confirmed through face and content validity, and reliability was validated by comparing it with the raw data. In the quantitative section, a Likert scale questionnaire was designed, and the content validity was obtained by the CVR index of 0.68. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.97, which confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS and SmartPLS software were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that in the process of formulating the model for enhancing the moral intelligence of employees in the Transportation and Traffic Organization of Tehran Municipality, there should be consideration for 11 dimensions and 65 components. The results indicated that among the dimensions of employees' moral intelligence, planning and workforce hold the highest significance compared to other dimensions. Among the identified components, public relations with a factor loading of 0.771, listening to employees with a factor loading of 0.792, voluntary coordination and intentional presence with a factor loading of 0.781, and seeking assistance from behavioral science consultants with a factor loading of 0.755 held the highest importance within each respective component. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10402.html In this paper, we introduce two new subclasses of the function class $\Sigma$ of bi-univalent functions connected to the normalized error function. Also, we find estimates on the coefficients $|a_{2}|$ and $|a_{3}|$ for functions in these new subclasses. Furthermore, the Fekete-Szeg\"{o} problem for these subclasses is solved. A number of new results are shown to follow upon specializing the parameters involved in our main results. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10403.html The motivations of human agency and various needs that influence behavior and decision-making are introduced as an important topic in behavioral sciences and management. In this field, two important motivations called self-efficacy and self-improvement are known to fulfil individual goals and satisfy human needs. The present research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of human agency, self-efficacy and self-improvement in the behavior of consumers of Qom leather products. In terms of purpose, it is practical, and in terms of the way of collecting information, it is part of qualitative research. The statistical population of the research includes university professors and leather industry experts who were selected using a non-random, purposeful sampling method. The data collection tool was interviews with experts using the Delphi method. This research was conducted in the winter of 2023. The obtained results led to the identification of 9 dimensions and 42 components, which included personality factors, psychological factors, environmental factors, cultural factors, social factors, self-efficacy, self-improvement, positive consequences and negative consequences. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10420.html In this paper, we obtain some fixed point theorems of mappings satisfying a generalized rational type weak contractive condition in partially ordered metric spaces. The presented results generalize and extend various fixed point theorems of the literature. We also provide an example which supports our new results, but it contradicts the previously established results. Furthermore, we discuss the application of these results to the existence and uniqueness of solutions for first-order periodic boundary value problems arising in ordinary differential equations. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10448.html The agricultural commodity exchange in Iran is known not only as a financial tool but also as a key institution for the country's economic development, helping improve farmers' livelihoods. In the present study, the strategic paradigm of the agricultural commodity exchange was modelled with a grounded data theory approach. The present research method was applied and qualitative. In order to achieve a correct understanding of the most important strategic components of the agricultural commodity exchange, in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 university professors in the field of agricultural commodity exchange through purposeful sampling. Then, the collected data were analyzed using the grounded data method to present a comprehensive and localized model for agricultural commodity exchange strategies. Based on the findings, after interviewing experts in the first stage, open coding identified 180 codes, and in the next stage, categorical coding, 30 categories were identified, and the open codes were categorized under these categories. Finally, in the third stage, the 10 categories were axially coded, and the category codes were categorized below. Finally, based on the strategic model of the Iranian Agricultural Products Exchange with a financial futures research approach, it includes the components of culture and society, human resources, supply chain, sustainability and environment, market and demand, technology and innovation, risk and crisis management, international interactions, infrastructure and government policies. As evidence from current advanced societies shows, the origin of the development of many advanced economies lies in surplus production in the agricultural sector in the early stages of development, which has served as a basis for change and transformation. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10449.html Optimum design of structures is one of the important design goals because it improves the structural and architectural features and reduces the cost of building the structure. In most of the research, the weight of the structure has been considered as a function of the cross-sectional area of the members and the location of the braces in the braced frames, which should be according to the rules and regulations of the case. Follow the designer's opinion. In order to optimize steel frames, many researchers use meta-heuristic algorithms; each of these algorithms, with its own mechanisms, has optimized the objective function in steel frames (weight). In this paper eccentric braced frame (EBF) is the chosen system for weight optimization. The most common method of modelling the link beam is almost ineffective for evaluating its performance according to FEMA 356. For this reason, in this study, a method was first presented for the modelling of the link beam, based on which it is possible to evaluate the performance of the link beam. Then the optimization problem was defined based on the acceptance criteria of the performance-based design method. In order to measure the possibility of optimization based on the defined problem, the optimal design of two EBFs was discussed using an improved JAYA (IJAYA) meta-heuristic algorithm and the results of their optimization were presented. Results show better performance of the IJAYA algorithm optimization relative to other algorithms. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10451.html Air quality index (AQI) forecasting is a useful tool for increasing the general public 's awareness of the state of the air in the next days. This is one of the most significant problems facing any country. In this study, machine learning algorithms are used to predict the AQI in Tehran. The six important regression models are applied to forecast AQI on a daily basis. Models were compared and evaluated using statistical measures such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), coefficient of determination, and root mean square error (RMSE). Based on these evaluations, the best model was selected. ExtraTreesRegressor is thought to be the best model for forecasting AQI in all seasons based on its outcomes. The results demonstrate that the ExtraTreesRegressor 's determination coefficient is nearly 1, and that the values of MAE and RMSE are respectively 0.002 and 0.004. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10454.html The current study aimed to examine the relationship between the professional thinking of auditors and ambidexterity with team psychological empowerment. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the study includes 15 experts of university professors in the research field selected in a non-random and purposeful sampling method in 2023. Furthermore, in the quantitative part of the study, the statistical population encompasses the Iranian Association members of certified public accountants, who were selected using the available sampling method as 297 people. The data collection instrument included a questionnaire whose structure was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis in Smart pls software, and reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient in SPSS software and composite reliability. To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests have resorted to the normality test, the Friedman test for prioritizing components and indicators, and the structural equation modelling test for path analysis and model validation in Smart pls software. The relationship between the dimensions and components of professional thinking and ambidexterity, as well as the relationship between the dimensions and components of professional thinking and empowerment, are the most critical findings of the study. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10795.html The classical Black-Scholes model fails to capture crucial market features such as memory effects and non-Markovian behavior. The time-fractional Black-Scholes equation (TFBSM) has emerged as a powerful alternative that incorporates these phenomena through fractional calculus. However, accurate numerical solution of TFBSMs remains challenging due to the non-local nature of fractional derivatives, complex boundary conditions, and the singularity in fractional operators. Existing numerical methods often suffer from discretization limitations and computational ineffciency when handling these complexities. This paper introduces a novel hybrid framework that synergistically combines Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) with the Deep Galerkin Method (DGM) architecture. Our approach leverages the PINN methodology to directly embed the TFBSM governing equation, initial conditions, and boundary conditions into the optimization objective through a carefully designed loss function. The DGM network, with its specialized architecture resembling Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, provides enhanced capability for capturing long-term temporal dependencies essential for fractional calculus. The Caputo time-fractional derivative is accurately implemented using Gauss-Legendre quadrature with 100-300 nodes, ensuring precise computation of the fractional operator. Comprehensive numerical experiments on two benchmark problems with analytical solutions demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. For Example 1 (fractional ODE), the method achieves relative L2 errors as low as 3.06 × 10−3 at t = 1.0 with α = 0.5. For Example 2 (TFBSM with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions), relative L2 errors remain below 2.40 × 10−2 across the entire time domain with α = 0.7. The method exhibits excellent stability, with smooth loss decay curves indicating robust convergence. This work presents the first successful integration of PINNs with DGM for solving time-fractional Black-Scholes equations. The key innovations include a novel PINN-DGM hybrid architecture specifically tailored for fractional PDEs, accurate implementation of Caputo derivatives using Gauss-Legendre quadrature within the neural network framework, comprehensive numerical validation demonstrating superior performance compared to conventional methods, and establishment of a robust, mesh-free paradigm for financial PDEs with memory effects. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately approximates the solution of the time-fractional Black–Scholes equation, with improved stability and convergence. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10798.html A spoofing attack is an intervention aimed at forcing the GPS receiver to obtain and track invalid navigation data. Time Synchronization Attack (TSA) is a type of spoofing attack that changes the receiver clock information, such as clock offset and drift. The purpose of TSA is to create an error in the estimated time of the receiver. These attacks usually target static receivers that use GPS signals for their time-synchronization applications. One of the main countermeasures for any security vulnerabilities is comprehending the process of thread generation and weak points of the system. In this research, for the first time, theephemeride TSA generation process is discussed and explained in detail. The proposed method demonstrates the feasibility of a spoof attack on the GPS receiver. The attack is defined as an optimization problem that aims to maximize the receiver clock offset error while maintaining the receiver position. The decision variables in the optimization problem are the coordinates of the receiver and the satellite's ephemerides variables. The constraints are such that the decision variables and satellite positions calculated from solving the optimization problem are close to pre-attack values to avoid possible detection schemes that examine large mutations in the values of these variables. Due to the ability to solve complex problems, simple concepts, and easy implementation of Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms (MOA), Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChoA), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms are exploited. According to the achieved solutions, the maximum modification in the receiver clock offset is 1.6 ms, which is a severe attack based on IEEE C37.118 standard. This result is achieved despite a change of 10 meters in the coordinates of the receiver position. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10806.html In this paper, we consider the Volterra integral equations (VIEs) of the third kind. A procedure, using spline functions, for obtainingapproximate solutions to Volterra integral equations of the third kind is presented. We develop an efficient spline collocation method for solving this type of equations. The proposed scheme is especially suited for VIEs in polynomial spline space, due to its essential feature of local approximations on subintervals. We then use these results in the convergence analysis of a polynomial spline collocation method for solving such problems numerically. The solvability of spline collocation methods is accessed, and the convergence analysis is studied. Numerical results confirm the spectral accuracy and the theoretical results of the proposed method. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10810.html Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M a unitary R-module. This paper studies the second fuzzy submodules of M, extending the idea of second submodules. We focus on the collection Specs(F* (M)), which consists of all non-zero second fuzzy submodules of M, and apply a topology to this set. In the final sections, we examine the topological characteristics of the space Specs(F* (M)). https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10771.html For a normalized analytic multivalent function $f$ defined in the open unit disk $\{z \in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\},$ let $\Delta(r,f)$ and $L(r,f,p)$ denote the Dirichlet integral and the integral mean of $f$, respectively. In this research article, we consider a subclass $S^{*}_{p}(A,B,\lambda)$ of normalized analytic multivalent functions in the open unit disk and solve the Yamashitha's conjecture for this subclass. Also, we determine the extremal function for which the integral mean $L(r,f,p)$ is maximum. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10873.html Power transformers are among the main electrical energy transmission equipment. During the period of operation, these equipment's are exposed to different types of stresses. Short-circuit currents are one of the main causes of damage to the winding and insulation of the transformer during the period of operation. When a short-circuit current passes through a power transformer, Certain parts of the winding inside the transformer are under excessive pressure, which in extreme cases leads to the destruction of the winding insulation. One of the ways to detect damage to the insulation of power transformers is to check the results of the transformer oil test. In this paper, based on the oil test results of power transformers, as well as examining the number and intensity of short-circuit currents passing through transformers during 11 years, the effect of the number and intensity of short-circuit currents on the life of power transformers has been evaluated. And for the first time, the relationship between the number and intensity of short-circuit currents passing through power transformers and the life of these equipment's is expressed, and it is determined that as the frequency of short-circuit currents with higher intensity increases, the lifespan of power transformers decreases more strongly. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10848.html Considering the relationship between the performance of the banking system and the macroeconomic sectors of the country, any instability and crisis in it can cause fluctuations and disturbances in macroeconomic variables, especially production. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the role of financial mediation, check and ensure the stability and health of the banking system. The financial stability of banks is one of the most important and influential factors in increasing or decreasing the liquidity criterion of banks’ shares. If the financial stability of banks is stable on average over a five-year period, we can expect an increase in the growth rate of assets and finally an increase in the liquidity criteria of banks. Banks are seeking to increase their productivity according to their profitability in the short and long term. The main purpose of this research is the effect of liquidity risk on the financial stability and profitability of Iran’s private banking industry. The present research is descriptive-correlation type. The data required for this research, including some accounting items, have been collected from the banks’ financial statements that are available on their electronic portals. The statistical population of this research consists of 11 private banks out of a total of 22 private banks. The method of testing the hypotheses in the present study is the panel data method, which was done using Eviews 10 software. The results show that liquidity risk has a significant effect on the risk of non-performing loans and net interest margin. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10851.html In this paper, we introduce a three-step iterative process for G-quasinonexpansive multivalued mappings that satisfy the condition (G-E) in Banach spaces endowed with directed graphs. We establish both the weak and strong convergence results for the proposed iteration scheme. Finally, we present a numerical example to illustrate the theoretical results. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10863.html Amid rapid technological advancements and rising customer expectations in the banking industry, the development of data-driven banking products tailored to customer needs and feedback has become a strategic imperative. This study presents a localized model for the development of electronic banking products through the integration of Business Intelligence (BI) and the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology. In the first phase, customer needs were identified via a comprehensive literature review and classified into nine key dimensions: speed, accuracy, security, user interface, cost, advanced features, financial consulting, accessibility, and responsiveness. Customer segmentation was conducted using the K-means clustering algorithm based on Customer Lifetime Value (CLV). The clustering validity was confirmed using the silhouette coefficient (0.63), and the target cluster—representing the highest average CLV—was selected for further analysis. Subsequently, text mining techniques were employed to analyze customer feedback within the selected cluster, and their needs were categorized using the Kano model. A QFD House of Quality matrix was then constructed to derive the corresponding technical requirements, which were prioritized using the eigenvector method. The findings revealed that responsiveness, security, accessibility, accuracy, and user interface are fundamental needs; speed represents a performance need; while cost, advanced features, and financial consulting fall under attractive needs. The top technical priorities identified include the “design of artificial intelligence algorithms,” “implementation of business intelligence solutions (integration and data analytics),” and “development of control and compliance processes.” This model represents the first localized framework that combines QFD and business intelligence in the context of Iran's banking industry. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10864.html This study ranks the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in both human resources recruitment and retention. Therefore, the multivariate decision making process is analyzed for human resources planning in construction projects. In this study, the data is collected through the descriptive questionnaire in the integrated form by FAHP and SWOT methods. The statistical population of this study covers all construction contractors in Grids A and B. The sample size is equal to 384 according to the statistical population size through Morgan Table. After investigation of results, each factor is prioritized and thus the proportion of workers' skills and expertise to the job is the first priority of recruitment, non-native staff as the first priority of weaknesses, the contractors' experiences to maintain the time, cost and quality as the first priority of opportunities, and the lack of proportion of needed organizational expertise to the job applicants' expertise is the first priority of threat. In the human resources recruitment and retention, the employee satisfaction in construction projects with received salaries and rewards is the first priority of strengths, lack of management and contrivance in financial resources sector as the first priority of weaknesses, the entrepreneurship as the first priority of opportunities, and not complied employee salary with costs of living is the first priority of threat. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10878.html This research designs a framework for a sustainable supply chain in plant-based milk production utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT). The study aims to develop a multi-objective model for the supply chain, leveraging IoT tools to monitor and optimize internal network processes. Within this system, IoT technology is employed to track inventory levels at distribution centers, preventing product spoilage and enhancing the distribution network. When inventory levels reach a predefined threshold, the ordering process is intelligently executed using IoT. Additionally, this process incorporates intelligent routing within the distribution and logistics network, driven by data collected from IoT devices, as well as production planning and the supply of raw materials and packaging. To address the complex challenges of this supply chain, the GAMS software and a hybrid NSGA-II algorithm are utilized. The findings of this research demonstrate that the proposed hybrid algorithm (combining the NSGA-II algorithm with initial solutions derived from the MOSA algorithm) yields superior solutions, albeit with a longer computation time compared to the standalone NSGA-II algorithm. While the hybrid algorithm provides better solutions, its problem-solving duration is extended due to additional processes. Specifically, the MOSA algorithm is first run independently to generate initial solutions, which requires extra time. These initial solutions are then fed into the NSGA-II algorithm, where evolutionary operations refine them to produce a set of optimal solutions. This added step introduces greater complexity and computational time. In contrast, the standalone NSGA-II algorithm, without the need for generating initial solutions or additional processes, offers a shorter solution time. However, the hybrid algorithm, by leveraging the initial solutions from the MOSA algorithm, achieves more optimal results. These initial solutions serve as a better starting point for exploring the solution space, enabling faster convergence to optimal regions. This improvement in solution quality highlights the effectiveness of combining these two algorithms, particularly for complex, multi-objective problems. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10879.html In recent years, the rapid growth of technology and data-driven financial markets has led to an increased interest in using artificial intelligence, and especially reinforcement learning, in designing automated trading systems. In this study, an automated trading system based on reinforcement learning for the stock market is designed and implemented. The main objective of this study is to investigate the efficiency of reinforcement learning models including Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C), and Deep Q-Network (DQN) compared to traditional investment methods. To train the models, real stock market data and technical indicators are used, and two different reward functions are proposed to evaluate the system performance. The performance of the models is analyzed with criteria such as total return and Sharpe ratio. Experimental results show that reinforcement learning models can provide higher returns than traditional methods in certain conditions, and choosing the appropriate reward function plays a significant role in improving trading strategies. This research, while emphasizing the importance of carefully designing the reward function and selecting appropriate features, offers new perspectives for the development of intelligent systems in financial markets. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10876.html ‎In this paper‎, ‎we introduce and study $\varphi$-contractibility and character contractibility of real Banach algebras‎. ‎We first show that if $ (A,\| \cdot \|) $ is a real Banach algebra with nonempty character space $\triangle(A)$ then $A$ is $\varphi$-contractibile if and only if $A$ is $\overline{\varphi}$-contractible‎, ‎where $\varphi\in\triangle(A)$ and $\overline{\varphi}$ is the conjugate of $\varphi$‎. ‎We next prove that if $ (A,\| \cdot \|) $ is a real Banach algebra and $A_{\mathbb{C}}$ is a suitable complexification of $ A $‎, ‎then $A$ is character contractibile if and only if $A_{\mathbb{C}}$ is character contractibile‎. ‎We also give a hereditary property for 0-contractibility of $A$‎. ‎In continue‎, ‎for a real Banach algebra $A$ we study relations between the projectivity of Banach left $A$-modules and left $\varphi$-contractibility of $A$‎. ‎Finally‎, ‎we investigate the left character contractibility of certain real Banach algebras‎. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10465.html This paper presents the results of approximating coupled fixed point of kannan interpolative contraction mappings. Let $X$ be a complete metric space and $T:X\times X \to X$ be a coupled mapping. We proved the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point theory using coupled interpolative Kannan contractions. We also proved the stability of the interpolative Kannan contraction to validate the well-posedness of the conditions. Our results extend some results in the literature. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10469.html This study identifies and prioritizes human resources marketing factors at Gachsaran Oil and Gas Exploitation Company. Using a mixed-methods approach, qualitative content analysis and quantitative AHP were applied. The expert sample included 15 experienced professionals and academics. Six main factors were identified: individual factors, customers, business infrastructure, HR functions, HR policies, and HR marketing strategies. HR functions ranked first (0.453), followed by individual factors (0.229) and customers (0.111). HR policies (0.080), business infrastructure (0.068), and HR marketing strategies (0.061) followed. Thus, HR functions are the most influential factor in HR marketing for the company. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10474.html In this paper, results of $\omega$-order reversing partial contraction mapping generated by approximation results of non-homogeneous Cauchy problem were presented. We investigated the concepts of $C'$, strong and, respectively, $C^0$-solution. We established that $Z:D(Z)\subseteq X\to X$ is the infinitesimal generator of a $C_0$-semigroup of contraction, $\xi\in X$ and $f\in L^2(a,b;X)$. Furthermore, we deduced that the unique $C^0$-solution is strong and that the class is absolutely continuous on $[a,b]$.\\ https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10478.html In this paper, we study the problem of describing theform of Jordan generalized $d$-derivations on generalized module extension Banach algebras. As an application, we characterize the form of Jordan generalized $d$-derivations on $\theta$-Lau product of Banach algebras. Finally, we show that under some sufficient and necessary conditions, every Jordan generalized $d$-derivation on a generalized module extension Banach algebra is the sum of a generalized $d$-derivation and an antiderivation. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10483.html The current study is a combined method and a type of exploratory mixed research design, which is conducted in two successive stages, qualitative and quantitative, in the first stage which was qualitative, by evaluating the studies conducted in the field of the subject in the present research and also in-depth interviews with experts in the field of knowledge management, Knowledge sharing and banking, Necessary information was collected by granded theory analysis method and was made codings accordingly. The second stage of the study was quantitative and structural equation modeling. Data collected from the researcher's questionnaire based on the proposed model using the software Smart PLS was evaluated. After evaluating the internal and external studies conducted in the field of the subject raised in the current research, using exploratory and semi-exploratory interview tools. Qualitative and structural questions were asked from the statistical community of experts, and theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 11 interviews. The results showed that the documented pattern creating and sharing the knowledge of managers and employees of Iranian banks includes 96 open codes, 33 central codes and 6 selective codes. Then, in the quantitative part, the researcher's questionnaire consisting of 96 items is available to 217 managers of Melli, Sepah and Pasargad banks. Given. Model results Constructing structural equations showed that the coefficient value is significantt relating to the relationship between conditions and central phenomenon, the relationship between contextual factors, interfering factors, and central phenomenon with strategies, as well as the relationship between strategies with outcomes at the 95% confidence level, is greater than 1.96, and this indicates the significance of these relationships. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10488.html In this article, using a discrete method, we get some new interesting recursive identities concerning arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means of positive numbers, from which, the most important Ky Fan-type inequalities are handled by induction at once. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10493.html The current research was conducted to design and validate the strategic marketing model in the furniture industry. This research is based on the purpose of an applied study, and based on the method of data collection, it is a non-experimental (descriptive) study of a cross-sectional survey type. The data collection tool in the qualitative part is a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical community in the qualitative part includes managers of the furniture industry who were selected by purposive sampling, and theoretical saturation was achieved with 11 interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes the managers and experts of the country's furniture industry. Cohen's effect size method was used to determine the sample size, and 140 people were selected as the sample. For data analysis, the thematic analysis method and MaxQDA software were used, and then, using structural-interpretive modelling with MicMac software, the initial pattern was drawn, and the partial least squares method and Smart PLS software were used to validate the pattern. Research findings showed that competitive forces, marketing research, corporate social responsibility, marketing strategies and marketing performance are the underlying factors of strategic marketing in the furniture industry. Competitive forces affect the strategic marketing of the furniture industry. Strategic marketing, along with marketing research and corporate social responsibility, affects marketing strategy and ultimately leads to marketing performance outcomes such as increasing market share, market management, and sales promotion. Based on the results, it can be acknowledged that strategic marketing, marketing research and corporate social responsibility explain 72\% of the changes in the marketing strategies of the furniture industry. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10494.html Analysis of dynamic soil-structure interaction in steel structures with a wide foundation, as well as the use of appropriate energy-absorbing systems in structures whose members do not perform properly, is of great importance. This is because by absorbing seismic energy, these systems ensure that the structural members remain within the elastic range during an earthquake. Viscous dampers are among the energy dissipation devices that have been widely considered in modern seismic design methods. Given that loading codes change every few years, existing structures often no longer meet the provisions of new regulations and require retrofitting. This makes the idea of using a type of damper in these structures very significant. When performing correctly, these earthquake energy absorbers delay the structure's reaching the limit state during severe earthquakes, which is highly effective in improving structural performance. In this study, to investigate the role of interaction, the response of structures was compared from the perspective of inter-story drift and the behavior of structural members, both with and without considering dynamic soil-structure interaction and under near- and far-fault earthquakes. For this purpose, three two-dimensional steel moment frames with 10, 5, and 15 stories were used as low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise structures, respectively. Then, the frames, which had been previously designed with viscous damper reinforcement and considering soil-structure interaction in loose soils, were analyzed. For the nonlinear dynamic analysis, seven accelerograms were used, and the results were compared. Based on the findings, it is observed that the reduction in floor response when using viscous dampers is not necessarily guaranteed; it can also increase depending on the earthquake record and the characteristics of the structure. The response of structures equipped with viscous dampers is close to that of structures without dampers, and in some cases, they are schematically almost identical. The results of the study indicate a significant increase in structural response in the presence of interaction and successive earthquakes, especially in low-rise buildings compared to high-rise buildings. These findings can be effective in improving seismic design criteria and evaluating the performance of structures against sequential earthquake events. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10503.html We consider a cyclic $n\times n$ system of quasilinear elliptic equations\[\begin{cases}- \Delta_{p_i} u_i = \lambda_i f_i(u_i) + \mu_i g_i(u_{i+1}), & i=1,2,\dots,n-1,\\%[1mm]- \Delta_{p_n} u_n = \lambda_n f_n(u_n) + \mu_n g_n(u_1),\end{cases}\]in a bounded smooth domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions,where $\Delta_{p_i}z=\operatorname{div}(|\nabla z|^{p_i-2}\nabla z)$, $p_i>1$, and $\lambda_i,\mu_i>0$.The nonlinearities $f_i,g_i:[0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}$ are increasing and satisfy a subcritical growthcondition at infinity for $f_i$ and a combined sublinear composition condition for the cooperative chain$(g_i)_{i=1}^n$. This setting includes power-type and piecewise power-type nonlinearities.Under these assumptions, we prove the existence of positive weak solutions for all sufficiently largevalues of the sums $\lambda_i+\mu_i$. Under additional flatness conditions near the origin we obtain atleast two distinct positive solutions. We also treat the case where $f_i$ have a falling-zero structure($f_i>0$ on $(0,r_i)$, $f_i(r_i)=0$, $f_i<0$ on $(r_i,\infty)$) and derive analogous existence andmultiplicity results. The proofs rely on the method of sub- and supersolutions and a three-solutiontheorem in an ordered Banach space. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10504.html The purpose of this study is to establish several fixed point theorems for certain classes of $F$-contractions defined on strongly sequential $S$-metric spaces. In addition, we also derive some fixed point results for the class of $F$-Pre\v{s}i\'c-type contractions. To illustrate the applicability of the obtained results, an example along with an application to the solvability of a class of combined fractional integral equations is provided. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10512.html This research was conducted to design and explain the role-playing pattern of the phenomenon of the pleasure of sin in online social media advertising. This research is applied in terms of objective, exploratory in terms of approach, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of data analysis methodology. In the qualitative phase of the research and in order to design a model based on the grounded theory methodology, a group of experts, including university professors, senior managers, and experienced consultants in the fields of psychology and social media-based marketing were selected and subjected to in-depth interviews. In this phase, the theoretical sampling method was used, and this process continued until theoretical saturation was reached by the researcher, resulting in a total of 11 interviews being conducted. In the quantitative phase, the online social media audience (specifically Instagram users) in Tabriz city was considered as the population, and among them, 400 individuals were selected as the sample using a convenience random sampling method. In the qualitative phase of the research, due to the use of the grounded theory method, the main data collection tool was semi-structured, in-depth interviews with experts. In the quantitative phase of the research, the main data collection tool was a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher consisting of 16 items, designed based on the initial conceptual model, research literature, and data obtained from interviews. In the quantitative phase of the research, SPSS and LISREL software were used for descriptive and inferential analysis. Ultimately, the research results led to the design of the role-playing model of the pleasure of sin phenomenon in online social media advertising, which was confirmed after quantitative testing. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10521.html Online algorithms process data sequentially, updating their parameters as new data points arrive to minimize prediction errors. However, traditional online algorithms are not inherently designed to handle interval data, which poses a significant challenge in many real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a novel online binary classification algorithm specifically tailored for interval data. We introduce a new loss function that extends the online passive-aggressive (PA) framework, enabling it to effectively handle both ordinal and interval data. The proposed loss function is computationally efficient and provides a robust solution for online learning in the presence of interval data. We provide theoretical guarantees for the algorithm, including cumulative squared loss bounds and relative loss bounds, which demonstrate its effectiveness. Empirical evaluations on multiple datasets show that our method achieves competitive performance compared to existing online algorithms while uniquely addressing the challenges posed by interval data. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10522.html The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of trade liberalization on the trade balance of Iran's economy from 1993 to 2023 using modern econometric techniques, namely the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Johansen Co-integration technique. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10534.html One of the key measures in any country's tax system is the selection of the tax base and its corresponding tax rate, which must be determined accurately based on rigorous scientific studies. Given the significance of this issue, as government fiscal policies through taxation can influence employment levels, this study investigates the effects of changes in the corporate income tax rate on companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange with respect to employment levels. The objective is to develop policy strategies aimed at reducing unemployment or increasing employment over the period from 2010 to 2023 (1389 to 1402 in the Iranian calendar) using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The findings indicate that the first-order lag of the effective corporate income tax rate, the ratio of expenses to financial liabilities, per capita wages, and private ownership of companies harm corporate employment levels. Conversely, the size of corporate assets, return on assets, and the debt-to-asset ratio have a positive impact on employment growth. To assess the robustness of the results, the studied companies were divided into two groups: privately owned and state-owned companies. The effects of income tax rates on the employment levels of these groups were analyzed separately. For state-owned companies, the effective corporate income tax rate, the ratio of expenses to financial liabilities, and per capita wages negatively impacted employment levels, while the size of corporate assets, return on assets, debt-to-asset ratio, and the previous period's employment level had a positive effect on increasing employment. For privately owned companies, the size of corporate assets and the previous period's employment level positively influenced employment growth. In contrast, the effective corporate income tax rate, the ratio of expenses to financial liabilities, per capita wages, return on assets, and debt-to-asset ratio hurt employment levels. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10559.html In this paper, we are concerned with the following periodic fractional Hamiltonian system$$\left\{\begin{array}{l}_{t}D_{\infty}^{\alpha}(_{-\infty}D_{t}^{\alpha}u)(t)+L(t)u(t)=\nabla W(t,u(t)),\ t\in\mathbb{R}\\u\in H^{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}).\end{array}\right.$$Using variational methods and a version of the concentration compactness principle, we study the existence of ground state solutions for this system under two different classes of superquadratic conditions weaker than the ones known in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no work focused in this case. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10572.html This study presented the model of factors affecting the auditor's professional ethics, emphasizing the role of reducing tax evasion. This applied, descriptive-analytical study was conducted using the exploratory mixed method on audit tax experts, including professors and teachers of accounting and finance in universities and educational institutions, senior students of accounting and finance, tax managers in departments and institutions, and managers, taxpayers, and tax employees in the country. The data were analyzed via the Delphi method. This research sought to determine the model of auditors' professional ethics factors that affect the reduction of tax evasion. The model was presented in four areas: professional ethics causal factors, professional ethics field factors, professional ethics structural factors, and professional ethics strategies and strategies and their subsections. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10573.html The amount of information published on the web has made the use of recommender systems inevitable. Web recommender systems provide users with accurate and relevant suggestions based on their interests and tastes. These recommendations can help users quickly access the information they need and reduce search time. In this article, a hybrid recommender system based on the combination of fuzzy sequential clustering and deep self-encrypting network based on user profile information and ranking of websites by users is presented. In this recommender system, users are first clustered according to the similarity of their opinions. Then the new ranking for users is predicted according to the fuzzy membership function. Finally, the information available in the user profile and the new rating of the users to each website is used as the input of the presented deep encoder network in order to predict the rating of the websites by the users. Finally, after finding similar users, it will recommend visiting and personalizing the web page of serious users based on the favorite websites of similar users. According to the layers of in-depth training and completion of the training process in the middle layer, the proposed method has been able to outperform other classification methods in terms of statistical accuracy of about 42% and the ratio of successful recommendations to useful recommendations of about 4% and accuracy The detection of similar users has improved by about 20%. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10583.html Let G be a simple and undirected graph. In this paper, we consider existence powergraph related to G. Also, we obtain the zero forcing number and the propagation timediscrepancy of the existence power graph for some graphs. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10584.html In this paper, we introduce two novel dual formulations for optimization problems governed by inequality constraints. The considered problems are characterized by differentiable functions. The proposed dual problems are parameterized by a set-valued parameter, where different values of this parameter reduce the dual formulations to the Wolfe and Mond–Weir dual problems. Consequently, the proposed dual problem serves as a unified generalization of both. Furthermore, we establish the weak, strong, converse, restricted converse, and strict converse duality results for the formulated dual problems. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10591.html Multilevel thresholding is one of the most common, straightforward, and effective image segmentation algorithms. The most important issue in this method is choosing an appropriate threshold value. In such a way that by defining worthy thresholds, the image can be more accurately segmented. The Otsu approach is suitable for establishing the thresholds at two levels, but as the number of thresholds increases, the performance of Otsu diminishes in terms of time and segmentation accuracy. On the other hand, optimization techniques can be effective to address these challenges. As a result, it is used with optimization techniques to improve time and segmentation accuracy. In this paper, we propose an improved grasshopper optimization approach to enhance the quality of the segmented image and its accuracy. In the proposed method, multilevel thresholding image segmentation is performed by employing the Otsu method as an objective function. This research aims to enhance the grasshopper algorithm to improve image segmentation outcomes. For this purpose, various modifications were applied to the grasshopper method. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on some known images and compared with several optimization algorithms. The resultant modified grasshopper method outperforms other evolutionary algorithms like Whale, Firefly, and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithms. The proposed IGOA algorithm outperforms other approaches at PSNR metric for threshold levels of 32 and 64 for 87.5% and 100% of images, respectively. Additionally, at SSIM metric, for both threshold levels of 32 and 64, it overcomes other approaches for 100% of images. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10592.html Fuzzy graphs have gained signi�cant attention in diverse scienti�c �elds, including mathematics and chemistry,owing to their superior accuracy and adaptability compared to conventional models. This study delves into a theoreticalexploration of the fuzzy graph representation of aromatic hydrocarbons, focusing on the computation of several fuzzybaseddegree topological indices. Novel de�nitions are introduced for the �rst Zagreb fuzzy index, Forgotten index,and Y-index, alongside a generalized formula for fuzzy topological indices of linear and cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,incorporating edge degrees. Moreover, a comprehensive formula is derived to calculate speci�c topological indices ofhydrocarbons based on the number of benzene rings. This methodology empowers researchers to predict and estimatecompounds' physical and chemical properties by leveraging topological indices and precise calculations of bond lengthsand atomic masses facilitated by computational software. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10593.html This paper presents a novel computational method for solving optimal control problems using a hybrid operational matrix framework. The approach is based on a convex combination of Legendre, Chebyshev, and Bernstein polynomials, which synergistically leverages the superior approximation properties of Legendre bases, the boundary-clustering advantage of Chebyshev polynomials, and the numerical stability of Bernstein bases. The Pontryagin necessary optimality conditions are transformed into a system of algebraic equations via the constructed hybrid operational matrix of differentiation, enabling an efficient and accurate numerical solution. The proposed method is validated on several benchmark problems with known analytical solutions. Numerical results demonstrate that the hybrid framework achieves machine-precision accuracy and exhibits exponential convergence, outperforming many existing single-basis methods. This work establishes that combining multiple polynomial families creates a more robust, flexible, and highly accurate numerical tool for optimal control. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10594.html In recent years, special attention has been paid to using plant growth stimulants such as amino acids and humic acids along with micronutrients as one of the most effective ways to increase the quality and quantity of plants. Germination indices and performance characteristics in different varieties of rainfed wheat (Homa, Baran, and Sadra) were improved using micronutrient fertilizers (Agrotin) as pretreatment and foliar spraying to reduce the effects of environmental stress. This study was conducted in a factorial form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2021-2022 in Miandoab, Iran. The experimental factors included foliar application and pretreatment of micronutrient fertilizers (agrotin) in two levels (use and non-use, prime and non-prime, and rainfed wheat cultivars (Homa, Baran, and Sadra). The experiment results showed that the average comparison for different wheat cultivars indicated that the Homa cultivar had the highest average days to the ripening stage (178 days). The lowest number of days until the processing stage was related to the rain variety (168 days). In addition, the average treatment of cultivar x fertilizer interaction showed that the maximum leaf width of the Baran cultivar was obtained with the foliar treatment combination (14.12cm). The lowest leaf width (1.15cm) related to the Homa variety was obtained in the control condition. The correlation table of traits showed that increasing the number of days to maturity, plant height, stem fresh weight, leaf and stem dry weight, single plant dry weight, and spike length significantly positively affected flag leaf length. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10607.html Classical temporal graph models represent dynamics by allowing edges to appear and disappear over time while implicitly assuming that the underlying vertex set remains fixed. This assumption conflates fundamentally different phenomena, namely behavioral inactivity and structural non-existence of entities, and may lead to inaccurate representations in systems where vertices temporarily or permanently disappear and later reappear. In this work, we introduce LifeSage, an existence-aware temporal graph framework in which vertex existence is treated as a time-dependent quantity. Each vertex is associated with a multi-interval lifespan, enabling explicit modeling of intermittent, cyclic, and irreversible presence patterns. Temporal snapshots are interpreted as projections onto the set of existentially valid vertices, leading to masked adjacency representations in which non-existing entities are structurally excluded rather than treated as inactive.We further distinguish between continuous flows, which require simultaneous existence of both endpoints, and discrete (transit) flows, which may persist independently of endpoint existence. This distinction allows temporal snapshots to violate the classical incidence condition and motivates an existence-aware masking perspective. We also discuss snapshot equivalence, event times, and representative generator snapshots arising from structural transitions in the graph. Finally, we outline how the proposed framework may support existence-aware temporal representations and learning settings on dynamic systems with evolving entity sets. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10596.html The purpose of this study is to investigate the dimensions and components affecting the professional supervision of elementary school principals. The current research is applied research in terms of its purpose. This research is quantitative in terms of the logic of conducting comparative research, in terms of the method of conducting descriptive-survey research, and in terms of the type of data. The statistical population of this research is school principals with a service history of 20 years or more in Bojnord city in the academic year 2022-2023, of which there are 120 male teachers and 260 female teachers. The sample size was determined by using Morgan's table to the number of 191 people. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis with PLS smart structural equation modeling methods and especially confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that contextual factors with 0.525, obstacles and problems with 0.496, and actions and strategies with 0.443 have the power to predict the professional supervision of Bojnord school administrators. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10604.html This study compares Newton-Raphson (NR), EM, and stochastic EM (SEM) for estimating Exponential-Poisson parameters under Type I progressive interval censoring. Simulations across sample sizes (20–200) and censoring schemes show SEM achieves the smallest MSE and highest stability, especially for small samples or complex censoring. EM performs reliably for large samples but is more variable for small samples. NR is highly sensitive to initial values and least stable. A real melanoma dataset confirms EP distribution fit (KS=0.0961) and replicates simulation patterns, emphasizing the need to choose estimation methods carefully. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10637.html In this Study, the mechanical and behavioral characteristics of reactive powder concrete under different percentages of microsilica, quartz, and steel fibers under different temperature and pressure curing conditions were studied. In this research, the amount of microsilica was 10, 15, 20%, quartz powder was 10, 15, 20%, steel fibers were 1, 1.75, 2.5%, and for curing conditions, three temperatures of 25, 50, and 75 degrees Celsius for water were considered. Also, all experimental specimens were tested once in conditions without pre-pressure and a second time in conditions with a pre-pressure of 10 MPa. In these specimens Stress-strain diagram, compressive strength, tensile strength, ductility, energy absorption, cracking pattern, and SEM electron image of the experimental specimens were investigated. The results of this Study showed that increasing quartz powder, microsilica, steel fibers, water temperature and pre-pressure increased compressive and tensile strength by about 10, 15, 20 and 30 percent, respectively. Increased energy absorption by about 10, 35, 50, and 85 percent, respectively, and the combination of the above factors improved the mechanical properties of concrete by about 100 to 140 percent. Fracture images and SEM showed an increase in cracking and more adhesion and ductile fracture with extensive fine cracks in the specimens. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10638.html This paper explores a category of evolutionary variational problems. The formulation takes the shape of a system, encompassing a hyperbolic variational inequality (representing the displacement field), parabolic inequalities (capturing damage fields), and a differential equation (depicting the adhesion field). We establish the existence of a unique weak solution to this problem. The proof relies on the use of time-dependent variational inequalities, parabolic inequalities, differential equations, and fixed points.As an illustrative application, we explore a frictional dynamic contact problem involving a viscoelastic material with noncoercive viscosity, long-term memory, damage, and adhesion, accompanied by subdifferential boundary conditions. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10643.html The purpose of this research was to identify and elucidate the application of artificial intelligence in urban planning and management. To identify and analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, the opinions of 25 managers, professors, and experts in urban planning and artificial intelligence were gathered using purposeful sampling. Research participants were selected based on criteria such as scientific publications in urban planning and artificial intelligence, a specialized doctorate in the field, and employment in urban management or municipalities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information on the opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses of artificial intelligence in urban management and planning. Subsequently, weighting and ranking were performed using the Shannon entropy technique. After ranking, 18 opportunities, 13 threats, 15 strengths, and 14 weaknesses were identified. Employing the strategic planning quantitative matrix, indicators were scored and weighted. The total internal factor score was 2.469, and the total external factor score was 2.316, as depicted in the matrix. Tehaji's strategy was presented to formulate strategies for utilizing artificial intelligence in urban planning and management, resulting in an aggressive approach. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10662.html This research aims to present a model for identifying reversal points in capital markets using technical analysis based on fuzzy logic. From the perspective of its objectives, this is an applied research, meaning it seeks to acquire the necessary knowledge to develop a tool that addresses key needs of shareholders, such as identifying reversal points, which are crucial in decision-making for buying and selling. Additionally, since the study aims to find relationships between variables to identify reversal points and assess the impact of their changes on the overall outcome, it is classified as causal or experimental research in terms of its methodology. From the perspective of data type, this research is based on quantitative data. In terms of timing, this study employs a cross-sectional design followed by a prospective approach. In this research, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms were used to provide a method for identifying reversal points in financial markets. For this purpose, a Mamdani fuzzy system was employed. After implementing the proposed structure, the optimized membership functions were evaluated to ensure their alignment with the research objective (identifying reversal points). The proposed method, due to its desirable accuracy in identifying reversal points, has increased the returns from trading. If users enter or exit trades based on alerts with a probability higher than 85%, according to the type of reversal point, they will enter or exit trades at the right time in about 94% of cases, which will significantly contribute to improving the profitability of their trades. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10722.html An element $a$ in a Banach algebra $\mathcal{A}$ has  generalized  $\pi$-Hirano inverse if there exists $b\in \mathcal{A}$ such that $$b=bab, ab=ba, a^n-ab\in \mathcal{A}^{qnil} ~\mbox{for some}~ n\in \Bbb {N}.$$   New additive results for the generalized $\pi$-Hirano inverse of an element in  a Banach algebra are presented. Applications to operator matrices are thereby obtained. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10725.html This research evaluates the impact of central bank transparency on the reaction of the capital market in terms of risk and return. The study identifies systemic risk measures, dimensions of central bank transparency, and economic factors affecting the capital market reaction. It examines the relationship between central bank transparency and the reaction of the money and capital market in Iran and neighboring Islamic countries from 2008 to 2022. The study uses regression methods to investigate the relationship between central bank transparency and risk response. Findings show that increased central bank transparency is associated with reduced systemic risk and specific bank risk, but may also incentivize risky behavior in the banking sector. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10726.html This study employs the Lyapunov method, the Poincar\'e-Bendixson theorem, and the Dulac criterion to investigate the stability of SIR and SIRS models with non-monotone incidence and varying mortality rates. The analysis focuses on the stability properties of equilibrium points in the associated dynamical systems. For \( R_0 < 1 \), the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices at the equilibrium points have negative real parts, confirming their local asymptotic stability. When \( R_0 > 1 \), the global asymptotic stability of both the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points is demonstrated using a Lyapunov function and LaSalle's invariance principle. Additionally, an alternative approach leveraging the Poincar\'e-Bendixson theorem and Dulac's criterion is introduced to establish global stability. Numerical simulations, performed with carefully chosen parameters, validate the analytical results and provide deeper insights into the system's behavior. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10728.html Despite the supervision of financial and credit institutions by several regulators, evidence shows many weaknesses in the regulatory procedures for financial and credit institutions. This paper identifies and ranks the factors affecting the knowledge management implementation in the financial supervision of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran (SAC) in the banking sector. This is a qualitative paper by the grounded theory method. Data were collected by in-depth interviews with 15 experts of the SAC and the banking sector using purposive and snowball sampling methods, with open, axial, and selective coding methods to analyze the data. Findings showed that the outcomes are the most effective factor in the final model of knowledge management implementation in the financial supervision of the SAC in the banking sector, followed by strategies in the next priority. The contexts are the third priority and the background conditions and intervening conditions are ranked fourth impacts on the final model of knowledge management implementation in the financial supervision of the SAC in the banking sector with the causality having the least impact on the final model of knowledge management implementation in the financial supervision of the SAC in the banking sector. Also, the average of audit processes (strategies) and at the level of forces (intervening conditions) have gained the highest value and are the first and second priority. The least impact goes for the quality of services (causal conditions) and organization at the macro level of the bank (background conditions), ranked 37 and 38, respectively. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10729.html In this paper, inverse Huxley partial differential equations problem is solved using a combination of numerical methods and improved teaching–learning-based optimization (ITLBO) meta-heuristic algorithm. The ITLBO algorithm, which is a population-oriented algorithm, is very efficient for solving inverse problems by increasing the discovery capacity and diversity of input data. In the method presented in this article, by considering each input data of the ITLBO algorithm as an answer for inverse Huxley problem, the problem is solved by numerical methods. The results obtained from the implementation of the combination of the numerical method and the ITLBO algorithm show that it is possible to get accurate answers for inverse Huxley problem without guessing the function type of the inverse problem. The results also indicate that combining Implicit and Explicit numerical methods, along with the features of the ITLBO algorithm, which searches across various intervals, can lead to solving inverse problems like Huxley without considering the type of the unknown function. The exact results obtained from the implementation of the presented method were obtained on a 2.5 GHz 4-core Intel CPU. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10739.html The present study is applied research with a post-event causal methodology, investigating the impact of institutional ownership on sustainability performance disclosure, focusing on the moderating role of board independence. The statistical population consists of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and 103 companies were selected as the sample using a screening sampling method from 2019 to 2023. Generalized least squares (GLS) regression was employed for data analysis. The results indicate that institutional ownership positively and significantly impacts sustainability performance disclosure. Furthermore, board independence is a moderating factor in the relationship between institutional ownership and sustainability performance disclosure. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10740.html We consider the following the difference equation\begin{equation*}w_n=\frac{w^{r+1}_{n-2}w_{n-3}}{w_{n-1}\left(\gamma_nw_{n-4}^r+\delta_nw_{n-2}w_{n-3}\right)},\quad n\in\mathbb{N}_0, \end{equation*}where $r\in\mathbb{N},$ the initial conditions $w_{-j}$, $j=\overline{1,4}$ are non zero real numbers and $\left(\gamma_n\right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}_0}$, $\left(\delta_n\right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}_0}$ are non zero real number sequences. In addition, thesolution of a more general difference equation defined by one to one continuous function is obtained. The solution of the mentioned equation is gained via a generalized Fibonacci sequence. Finally, we obtain the solution of the above difference equation when the sequences $\left(\gamma_n\right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}_0}$, $\left(\delta_n\right)_{n\in\mathbb{N}_0}$ are constant. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10749.html Large defense and educational companies and organizations in the world have identified and investigated the relationship between the dimensions of intellectual capital, the methods of measuring and managing intangible assets as a comprehensive framework to provide a new way to improve and optimize their performance. Today, with more knowledge and awareness in the field of intangible assets and considering the effects of various sanctions on our country, we have realized this necessity and importance. The main purpose of the research is to identify and investigate the relationship between the dimensions of intellectual capital in the form of designing a model for measuring the intangible assets of the educational and research departments of defense organizations. The data collection tools were library, internet, interview and questionnaire, and the focus group and survey method were used to validate the collected data. To calculate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha method was used, and to determine the validity of the questionnaire, it was confirmed by the experts of the focal group, and to confirm the validity of the model, the KMO and Bartlett technique and the factor analysis method were used. After designing the measurement model and confirming the validity of the model, the relationship between the human, organizational, social and communication capitals with intellectual capital and its effect on intellectual capital was investigated. The intellectual capital of military educational organizations by human capital, organizational capital, social capital and communication capital are evaluated. The coefficient of effect of all four types of capital is higher than 0.88, and with a slight difference, organizational, human, social and communication capitals have a higher coefficient of effect in this research. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10752.html This research investigated the formation of surface waves on a cold semiconductor plasma structure and the way electromagnetic waves pass in the presence of a magnetic field. The main mechanism of the passage of electromagnetic waves through dense plasma was analyzed, ignoring collisions, attenuation, and the effects of the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves. The cold semiconductor plasma is opaque to the passage of electromagnetic waves, and only under special conditions of resonance stimulation of surface waves, this plasma can act like a transparent object against these waves. After considering the specific structure of the plasma and defining the basic relations, it will be shown that the passage of the electromagnetic wave through it occurs due to the excitation of the plasma surface states. It was deduced from the relationships that the intensities are maximum at the boundaries, on the plasma surfaces, which indicates the creation of surface states. The wave transmission inside the desired magnetic semiconductor plasma layer occurs due to these surface states. On the other hand, for waves with a lower inclination angle, the amount of electromagnetic wave passing through this material increases. This means that in lower angles, the turbid plasma becomes a transparent medium that can function by transmitting high-wavelength energy through it. It is emphasized that only the normal state was analyzed in this research. Since surface waves can be excited on both sides of the plasma, this structure can be very efficient for fabricating super-lenses, and the introduced structure facilitates the passage of conventional electromagnetic waves through dense semiconductor plasma. In this particular case, it was observed that the external magnetic field does not affect the wave propagation because there is no effect of the magnetic field on the relationships. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10759.html After many years of experience, the world has come to the conclusion that if an organization wants to be a leader in its economy and business affairs and not fall behind in the field of competition, it must have expert human resources. Considering this importance, the present article has set its main goal to examine the relationship between human resource empowerment and organizational effectiveness. The current research method is applied in terms of purpose and terms of data collection; it uses the survey method. The statistical population of the research consists of all managers of building facade engineering, design, and construction companies. 150 of them were randomly interviewed and completed the research questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods have been used to analyze the research data. Relevant calculations were done using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings of the research showed that there is a strong and significant relationship between the empowerment of human resources and the effectiveness of the organization. Also, there is a significant relationship between human resource empowerment and organizational effectiveness components, including productivity, satisfaction, motivation, cohesion and conflict. Based on the coefficients of the empowerment components in the fitted research model, human resource empowerment has the greatest effect on improving and increasing the sense of effectiveness, sense of independence, sense of trust and sense of competence, respectively. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10763.html This study explores specific polynomials that share a small function by applying the notions of weakly weighted and relaxed weighted sharing of meromorphic functions. In particular, the research delves into the uniqueness of two polynomial types related to the meromorphic function $f$: the homogeneous differential polynomial $\Phi[z]$ and the non-constant differential-difference polynomial $\Psi[z, f]$ and examines the value distribution of these polynomial functions within the context of weakly weighted and relaxed weighted sharing, resulting in the equation $\Phi[z] \equiv \Psi[z, f]$ (or) $\Phi[z]. \Psi[z, f] \equiv a^2$. The findings of this investigation enhance and extend the previous work of Harina P. Waghamore and Vijayalakshmi S. B. [27]. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10764.html Forecasting demand in the supply chain is an essential and challenging issue for determining effective strategies and informed decisions. The related challenges also increase by raising the variety and number of products. Providing frameworks and methods with the flexibility, accuracy, and advantages necessary to forecast all product categories is crucial for managers, despite product diversity, differences in applications and features, and varying data volumes. In this regard, two supervised learning models, XGBoost Regressor (XGBR) and Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR), have been implemented on the Global Superstore dataset on the Kaggle site. This dataset contains 3788 products in three diverse product categories, seventeen subcategories, and 51,290 orders. The limited data volume of the products prevented the possible and helpful forecasting of many products and the obtaining of appropriate results from the methods. In this experimental research, demand forecasting is used in strategic decisions. Therefore, a product aggregation approach has been proposed for this problem, which can be predicted separately according to the similarity in the subcategory products. The data of the dataset was increased using the Data Augmentation technique to investigate the effect of the amount of data on the performance of the models, and the forecasting results of the two models were compared by re-running the models. Based on the forecasting results with increased data with MSE and MAE metrics, the XGBR model achieved the lowest values of 0.12 and 0.10, respectively, and the GBR model achieved values of 0.13 and 0.15. Also, the result of the $D^{2}$ Score Metric was 0.97 in the XGBR model and 0.96 in the GBR model. The values of the error metrics decreased dramatically and by more than 80% as the data increased, and XGBR had a relative advantage in the larger data. The proposed framework and models can be used in industries with similar issues at the strategy level. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10767.html In this article, we systematically develop and extend the concepts and criteria associated with the uniqueness polynomial of meromorphic functions (UPM). Starting from the foundational UPM, we extend the concept to encompass the (reduced) strong uniqueness polynomial for meromorphic functions in a wider sense ((R)SUPMWS), completing this progression. This extension marks a significant advancement in this area of research. The article consolidates and organizes all related definitions of these polynomials in a concise and systematic manner. Furthermore, we classify and analyze various categories of polynomials for degree $n$, where $4 \leq n \leq 6$. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10768.html This study applies a Proxy SVAR approach to investigate the effects of surprised oil revenue shocks on banking profitability through monetary and fiscal policy transmission channels. To evaluate the efficiency of these transmission channels, we begin by using a VECM model (baseline estimation) to investigate the linkage between monetary and fiscal policies and the profitability of banks. To achieve this objective, we utilize monthly time series data spanning from January 2006 to August 2023, focusing on the banking stock index, money supply, government expenditures and several control variables, including inflation rate, total real consumption, and total real investments. We also use Iran's oil revenues data to identify surprise oil shocks, following the methodology proposed by Wu and Callvo \cite{34}. Our empirical findings not only contribute to the existing literature by revealing the importance of transmission channels through which surprised oil revenue shocks exert their influence on banking profitability, but the study also sheds light on the critical role of monetary policy rather than fiscal policy in this context. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10772.html In this study, the effect of adding modified and unmodified silicon nanoparticles with different weight percentages (0,2, 5, 7, and 10 wt%) on the amount of moisture absorption in environments with different PH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) Also, the fracture toughness of polymethyl methacrylate samples have been discussed. The fracture toughness was tested by the three-point bending method according to the ASTM D5045 standard and the amount of moisture absorption according to the absorption test according to the ASTM D570 standard. Production samples by compression molding method, were evaluated in terms of structure and properties using SEM method. SEM images show that up to 7% by weight of the filler, the dispersion of silicon particles in the modified silica state is significantly better than in the unmodified silica, but at 10% by weight of the filler, the dispersion of the particles in the two modified states and unmodified is similar and not uniform. Experimental results show that increasing silicon improves the fracture toughness of parts made with unmodified silicon up to 2% by weight of filler, but for parts made with modified silicon up to 7% by weight of fracture toughness but this improvement is optimal when 5% by weight of silicon is used. Also, increasing silicon has increased moisture absorption in both groups of samples produced with modified and unmodified silica, so that as the percentage of filler increases, the rate of moisture absorption increases. On the other hand, as the acidity or alkalinity of the liquid progresses to neutral, the reaction between the base polymer molecules and the test liquid decreases, increasing moisture absorption. No significant difference was observed between moisture absorption in the modified and unmodified silicon. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10773.html This study examines the impact of airflow patterns, resulting from various directions of fan coil air outlets, on the distribution of pollutant particles in an operating room. The sample space was modeled using the Eulerian-Lagrangian method and validated against existing data. The turbulent airflow in a 49-cubic-meter operating room, equipped with a floor-mounted fan coil, was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with OpenFOAM and the BuoyantBoussinesqPimpleFoam solver. The room's airflow was measured at 4160 cubic meters per hour for incoming air and 4056 cubic meters per hour for outgoing air, with 5 exhaust vents and 4 supply vents. Results indicated that pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing height. At 1.2 meters above the floor, the concentration of suspended particles was approximately 20% lower than at floor level. Smaller particles, less than 5 microns, were less likely to settle due to reduced gravitational forces and were more effectively removed by the ventilation system. This system successfully eliminated over 85% of airborne pollutants from the operating room, demonstrating its effectiveness in maintaining a clean and safe environment. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10777.html In this paper, we introduce a subclass of close-to-convex functions defined in terms of generalized Ruscheweyh derivative operator. We determine coefficient bounds for functions of complex order $b$ analytic in the open unit disk $\Delta =\left\{ z\in \mathbb{C} :\left\vert z\right\vert <1\right\} $. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10778.html The present study investigates the relationship between banking competition and the development of stock and insurance markets, along with economic growth in the countries of the Persian Gulf region, employing econometric methods, including panel data analysis and error correction causality test, over the period 1996-2020. The results of the random effects test indicate that the variables of banking competition, stock market development, and insurance market development have a significant and positive impact on economic growth. The development of the stock market has the greatest impact on economic growth, while banking competition has the least impact on the economic growth of the Persian Gulf countries. The results of the Granger causality test indicate that there is a significant relationship between banking competition and economic growth. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between insurance market development and economic growth. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between stock market development and economic growth. There is also a significant relationship between banking competition and insurance market development. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between banking competition and stock market development. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between stock market development and insurance market development. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10783.html In this paper, the problem of stability for the subclass $\mathcal{SL}$ of analytic univalent functions in $T_{\delta}$-neighborhoods is studied. Also, the lower and upper bounds of the radius of stability are obtained. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10784.html Improving the quality of biomaterials and increasing their durability has always been one of the significant concerns in biomechanical studies. The use of nano-polymers may enhance the properties of implants and biomaterials. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influences of adding a different percentage of $Sio_2$ nanoparticles on wear resistance refinement. To measure the impacts of $ SiO_2$ nanoparticles on wear resistance, reinforced PMMA and UHWPE with Nano $SiO_2$ powders were produced. The effect of 0%,3%, and 5% Mass fraction of $SiO_2$ fillers on the wear rate of UHWPE as the artificial joint and 0%,3%, 5%, and 7% fraction of $SiO_2$ fillers on the wear rate of PMMA denture base, experimented by wear machine Tuber GT-7012-T according to ASTM 99g 2017. The experimental results demonstrate that at 5% mf of Nanoparticles, the wear rate reduces up to 40%. However, increasing the mf of Nanoparticles is improper and decreases the wear resistance. One-way ANOVA analysis was applied to determine significant differencesbetween data. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10787.html ‎Discrete distributions are used to model count data‎; ‎however‎, ‎at the same time‎, ‎they can play an important role in lifetime phenomena‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎a new discrete distribution is proposed called the exponentiated discrete inverse Weibull distribution‎. ‎The new distribution includes several older distributions as special cases‎. ‎Several distributional properties of the new distribution, such as probability mass function‎, ‎hazard rate function‎, ‎moments‎, ‎skewness‎, ‎kurtosis‎, ‎and order statistics, are studied‎. ‎The new distribution can be a good candidate for modelling platykurtic data sets‎. ‎The problem of point estimation of the parameters based on the maximum likelihood method is discussed‎. ‎The asymptotic confidence intervals for the unknown parameters are obtained as well‎. ‎A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the maximum likelihood estimators and asymptotic confidence intervals‎. ‎A real data set is analyzed in order to show the applicability of the new distribution‎. ‎We end the paper with some remarks‎. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10788.html The broad impact of inflation on economic indicators and welfare has led monetary authorities, particularly central banks, to maintain inflation at a desirable or target level, thereby preventing the costs associated with rising inflation in society. Sometimes, the central bank fails to achieve its goals due to monetary policy asymmetry or time inconsistency. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate factors affecting the country's inflation behaviour by emphasising the central bank's asymmetric preferences regarding inflation in 1981-2023 in the Islamic Republic of Iran using the ARDL method. The results showed that financial development and production gaps hurt inflation. In addition, trade liberalization, exchange rate, and inflation uncertainty, under the conditions of the central bank's asymmetric preferences towards inflation, positively affect inflation, indicating a trade-off between production and inflation. Inflationary (inflation higher than the target inflation) monetary policy mistakes are less common when the central bank is confident about the state of the economy. Central banks are confident about the economy and less worried about inflationary monetary policy errors (inflation above the target). Therefore, the central bank is suggested to use monetary policy tools regularly and principled and avoid the principle of surprise in the economic field. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10799.html This paper presents an efficient method for solving time delay two-point boundary value problems. A combination of the Continuous Runge-Kutta method and the Newton shooting method has been used for solving this problem. The efficiency, high accuracy and the rate of convergence of the proposed method are illustrated by an example. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10800.html One of the ways to prevent management fraud and increase the quality of financial information is to observe the quality characteristics of financial information, including conservatism. This research examines the effect of conditional and unconditional conservatism on operating cash flows in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. A sample consisting of 131 companies was systematically selected over a 6-year period from 2016 to 2021 and analyzed using a logistic model for panel data. The results of data analysis indicated that conditional conservatism has a direct and significant impact on operating cash flow. Additionally, unconditional conservatism has a direct and significant effect on operating cash flow. Therefore, it can be recommended to managers and accountants to carefully and appropriately determine the level of conservatism used in financial statements when preparing them. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10804.html Our present investigation is primarily motivated by the broad and impactful applications of special polynomials in geometric function theory. In particular, the generalized bivariate Fibonacci polynomials have recently attracted attention in the study of bi-univalent functions. In this article, we introduce and analyze a comprehensive subfamily of bi-univalent functions characterized by these generalized Fibonacci polynomials in two variables. This polynomial sequence is chosen due to its flexibility, as numerous other polynomial families can be derived through appropriate specialization of its parameters. By applying the subordination technique, we derive bounds for the initial coefficients of functions belonging to this subfamily and investigate the associated Fekete–Szegö problem. In addition to presenting several new findings, we also explore meaningful connections with previously established results in the theory of bi-univalent and subordinate functions, thereby extending and unifying existing literature in a novel direction. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10805.html In supply chain management, selecting suitable suppliers is a necessary strategic decision. Making these decisions is a complex process due to certain uncertain parameters, such as future demand. In this regard, the present study aims to evaluate and select suppliers in a supply chain based on a multi-criteria decision-making model using fuzzy TOPSIS. The research population consisted of experts from the purchasing and material supply unit in the detergent industry, who were selected using a purposive sampling method. According to them, the criteria for selecting suppliers were identified and weighted. The criteria were identified based on library studies and finalized with the experts' approval, and were then transformed into a pairwise comparison questionnaire. Within the framework of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the opinions of the experts regarding the priority of the criteria were assessed using MATLAB software. By forming the decision-making matrix and using the fuzzy TOPSIS method, the final prioritization of the criteria was obtained. Based on the findings of the research, the criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating suppliers were classified into 4 main criteria (quality, protective, security, economic, and technical) and 28 sub-criteria. Quality factors were deemed the most important,  followed by protective and security, technical, and economic criteria. Performance evaluation of each supplier group using the fuzzy TOPSIS method indicated that group A2 had the highest priority, followed by groups A4, A3, and A1 in that order. From the obtained results, it can be stated that the use of the fuzzy TOPSIS model is appropriate for the problem of supplier selection, especially in the final stage. Therefore, providing a flexible and cost-effective tool for supplier selection enables procurement managers to make quick decisions. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10816.html In this article, a new wavelet-based method for estimating the conditional density function using the wavelet method is investigated. Based on this method, we will explain how to obtain an estimate with the optimal convergence rate for the conditional density function based on the information in the quantiles and using the copula density function. We also discuss the convergence rate of the new estimator. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10817.html The cuckoo optimisation algorithm is a meta-exploratory optimization algorithm used to solve nonlinear continuous optimization problems. Optimization is to find a way of fulfilling a task in the best manner. Principally, optimization refers to changing a series of primary information and using problem information to achieve more appropriate responses. Recently, graphics processors have been proposed as a multi-purpose computational device due to low cost, parallel architecture and improved access provided by programming environments such as the CUDA framework. The Master-Slave Model is one of the parallelizing models of optimization algorithms. In the present paper, shared memory, reduction operations and other factors affecting GPUS have been employed using CUDA and the Master-Slave model with a fine-grain technique to increase the efficiency of the parallel algorithm. In this work, the implementation time of parallel and serial algorithms has been evaluated using a benchmark function. The experiments' results revealed an increase in speed-up of the parallel algorithm compared to the serial algorithm. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10820.html In this paper, we investigate certain properties and characterizations of bilinear module actions over quasi-ideals of a Banach algebra. Our results are applied to the quasi-ideals of the group algebra \( M(G) \), where we demonstrate that \( M(G) \) is isomorphic to a subspace of the space \( \mathcal{B}_{mod}(L_1(G)^*) \) consisting of all bilinear and separately continuous right module actions over \( L_1(G)^* \). https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10821.html The majority of previous research stated that the seismic response of structures adjacent to tunnels during an earthquake might differ from that of structures further away from tunnels. However, this issue is not addressed in the relevant codes for process design. This study used Hankel functions to evaluate the seismic response of structures adjacent to tunnels subjected to far-field earthquakes. The authors of this paper used MATLAB to create a new model called FESCAM. A set of Bessel function transform theories and numerical analyses was applied to design numerical solutions in the proposed model. An integrated approach can accomplish the analysis of plane pressure waves (P-waves) in twin circular tunnels in terms of scattering waves. The case study was selected as the Karim Khan Citadel and adjacent subway tunnels. The numerical simulation was conducted in two distinct scenarios: with and without twin tunnels. The results indicate that the maximum scattering occurred when the incoming wave angle was α=30°, and the tunnel angle was θ=90°. The overall results suggest no statistically significant difference between the two case study scenarios. When considering the citadel with and without twin tunnels, the horizontal and total displacements varied between 2.2-33.7% and 2.1-23.7 percent, respectively. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10826.html In this paper, we study the distribution modulo 1 of sequences of the form $a_n=w(n)\lbrace\mathrm{e} n!\rbrace$. We show that if the weight function $w$ is a nonlinear polynomial with a leading irrational coefficient, the $a_n$ is uniformly distributed modulo 1. Also, we show that if $w(n)=\alpha n+\beta$ (linear polynomial),  then $w(n)\lbrace\mathrm{e} n!\rbrace\to\alpha$ as $n\to\infty$, and if $w(n)=O(n^{1-\epsilon})$ (sublinear growth) for some $\epsilon>0$, then $w(n)\lbrace\mathrm{e} n!\rbrace\to 0$ as $n\to\infty$. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10827.html Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants, has gained attention in the construction industry due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This material, owing to its high pozzolanic activity, can help improve the mechanical properties of soil and concrete, ultimately optimizing the performance of structures against environmental and mechanical loads. The use of fly ash as a stabilizing agent in soil improvement can lead to reduced permeability, increased cohesion, and enhanced soil resistance to compressive and tensile loads. Additionally, incorporating fly ash into concrete can increase compressive and tensile strength, reduce cracking, and enhance the durability of concrete against harsh environmental conditions, such as freezing and waterlogging. Furthermore, considering the environmental challenges posed by industrial waste production and the need for optimal resource utilization, the application of fly ash can mitigate the negative impacts of industrial waste and reduce construction costs. In the following studies, we will analyze the characteristics of fly ash, its types, and its effects on the mechanical properties of soil and concrete. Various tests, including swelling index, permeability, compressive strength, and other mechanical properties, have been conducted on soil samples containing fly ash. The results of this research indicate that the use of fly ash can lead to improved mechanical performance of soil and increased strength and durability of concrete. Overall, the findings suggest that the use of fly ash can be proposed as a sustainable and economical solution for improving soil and enhancing concrete properties in construction projects. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10836.html This study introduces, for the first time, a fractional formulation of cordial Volterra integro-differential equations and proposes an efficient numerical algorithm for their solution. The method combines a finite difference scheme of order $\mathscr{O}(\tau^{3-\alpha})$ for discretizing the Caputo fractional derivative with a composite trapezoidal rule $\mathscr{O}(\tau^{2})$ to approximate the integral term. Theoretical analysis establishes that the unified scheme achieves an overall convergence order of $\mathscr{O}(\tau^{2})$, a result rigorously confirmed through numerical experiments. The presented examples not only validate the algorithm's accuracy but also demonstrate its effectiveness in handling fractional-order systems, addressing a gap in the numerical analysis of such equations. This work provides a foundational framework for future research on fractional cordial integro-differential problems. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10837.html This study aims to present a budgeting model for organizational development projects that enables the efficient allocation and distribution of budgets across various sectors. A tri-objective budgeting model was developed and examined for implementation in Shirvan City. The proposed approach utilizes the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to optimize the model under investigation. The results of the proposed method indicate that employing the MOPSO algorithm leads to efficient budget allocation and distribution. In many organizations, resource allocation is still reliant on traditional and outdated methods, which often encounter significant challenges and inherent errors. Therefore, adopting a method that leverages mathematical models to determine optimal and effective allocation is of critical importance. Budgeting is recognized as an effective and efficient tool for achieving organizational objectives and resource allocation. This allocation process provides a system for controlling expenditures and costs. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10839.html This study develops an advanced framework to evaluate the performance of 28 investment firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 1398--1403 (2019--2024), comparing the efficacy of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (FDEA). The analysis incorporates input variables---initial capital, risk, and price-to-earnings ratio (P/E)---and output variables---return on equity (ROE) and earnings per share (EPS). Employing DEA with variable returns to scale, efficiency scores, input excesses, optimal input levels, and reference sets for inefficient firms were determined. For FDEA, input and output data were transformed into fuzzy sets with high, moderate, and low levels using triangular fuzzy numbers, and efficiency was computed via fuzzy mathematical programming. The results indicate significant differences between DEA and FDEA efficiency scores, with DEA demonstrating higher precision and lower error rates in ranking firms and assessing efficiency. These findings highlight DEA's robustness for financial performance evaluation in emerging markets, while FDEA provides valuable insights under conditions of uncertainty, offering implications for investment decision-making and portfolio optimization. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10840.html This article identifies the relationship between the CEO's power indicators and the company's performance under-pressure in the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and adopts an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict their performance. Accordingly, this paper examined the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for 10 years from 2011-2021. The regression test by SPSS 20 and 7 Eviews was used to analyze data from 135 companies. The results indicate that the efficiency and honesty of the management affect the performance of the company in the companies under pressure; however, the results did not confirm the effect of the ownership of the board members and the percentage of non-commissioned members of the board of directors on the performance of the company in the under-pressure companies. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10849.html This paper presents a topology optimization framework for continuum structures subjected to design-dependent pressure loads (DDPLs). Unlike fixed external loads, DDPLs change in location, magnitude, and direction as the structural layout evolves, introducing significant challenges in load modeling and numerical stability. To address this issue, the Boundary Identification–Load Evolution (BILE) model is employed to accurately impose evolving surface pressure loads throughout the optimization process. The proposed framework integrates the BILE model with a Generalized Optimality Criteria Method (GOCM), offering a robust alternative to the classical Optimality Criteria Method (OCM). GOCM provides greater flexibility in handling constraints and enhances convergence properties. The SIMP-based material interpolation is used, and structural compliance is minimized under a volume constraint using adjoint sensitivity analysis and density filtering. Two benchmark examples are presented to compare the performance of GOCM and OCM under identical DDPL conditions. Quantitative results show that GOCM achieves up to 21.35\% lower compliance, reduces computational time by 45.68\%, and requires significantly fewer iterations compared to OCM, while maintaining solution quality. These results confirm that GOCM not only improves numerical efficiency but also enhances the stability and effectiveness of topology optimization under complex, evolving load boundaries. The proposed approach offers a reliable and computationally efficient method for advanced structural design problems involving design-dependent loading, with promising applicability in high-performance engineering systems. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10850.html The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the asymmetric effects of higher education on economic growth in Iran. Playing the role of the educational system in creating and improving the capabilities of human capital, it is necessary to pay attention to the expansion of higher education for manpower in developing countries. In this research, the relationship between the education rate of higher education students and the literacy rate, as well as economic growth, was investigated and tested using the Markov switching approach and seasonal data (2001-2021). The results show a non-linear relationship between the education rate of master's students and economic growth, and the study of the effects of higher education on economic growth in different economic regimes showed that the education rate of senior students in the first and third regimes has a direct and significant effect on economic growth, and in the second regime, its effect on economic growth is reversed and negative. The literacy rate in all three regimes has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Other studied economic variables, such as the unemployment rate, have a positive effect in the second and third regimes and a negative effect in the first regime. Also, the economic openness index in all three regimes has a positive and significant relationship with economic growth. The results of estimating the performance of the higher education system on economic growth with the Markov switching method show that the performance of the higher education system in the first and third regimes has a direct and significant effect on economic growth in Iran. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10859.html In geotechnical engineering, in order to perform analyzes related to consolidation settlement, appropriate values of the consolidation coefficient should be available. In this research, the digital image processing (DIP) technique has been used to determine the deformation of the consolidation sample during the consolidation process. Due to the limitations of the conventional consolidation machine in terms of sample dimensions and also the lack of visibility of the sample, and as a result, the inability to take pictures, a new large-scale consolidation machine has been made. In order to ensure the proper functioning of the new device, 3 series of consolidation tests have been performed on Tabriz saturated clay samples with the new consolidation device as well as the conventional consolidation device. The comparison of the results shows that the consolidation parameters measured by the new device are comparable to the conventional odometer device. Then, by performing 4 series of consolidation tests with a new consolidation device and taking pictures of the sample during the consolidation process, the information related to the deformation of the sample was recorded and with the help of the DIP technique, the deformation of the consolidation sample, and as a result, the load-deformation information was measured and the consolidation coefficient of the samples has been determined based on them. The results show the accuracy and efficiency of the DIP technique in determining soil consolidation parameters. The valuable conclusion of this research is that the image processing technique can be a cost-effective and suitable method for determining the consolidation coefficient, because it does not require measuring devices and eliminates human errors in reading and recording data. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10860.html This paper proposes a novel optimization algorithm inspired by human behavior in the shopping center called the Mall optimization algorithm (MALL), to solve challenging optimization problems. The MALL mimics the behavior of human factors present in a shopping mall including distributors of goods and services, sellers with non-commercial interests, new investors (from the group of sellers), and buyers and tourists (from the group of customers), each with specific behavior. The algorithm is evaluated on thirty well-known benchmark functions and ten challenging functions from CEC-C06 2019. The findings are compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA), and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO). The results indicate that the MALL algorithm can provide highly competitive results compared to these expert meta-heuristic algorithms. Statistical analysis confirms the performance of local optima avoidance, exploration, exploitation, and convergence of this proposed algorithm. This article also addresses solving the known problem of supply chain management called the PLOT (Production, Logistics, Outbound, Transportation) system. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can be used to solve challenging problems with unknown search spaces. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10862.html Dengue is a serious disease that poses a threat to humans in tropical and subtropical regions globally. The disease is transmitted by Aedes type of female mosquitoes, which are highly sensitive to climate change, as changing climate conditions facilitate both pathogen growth and mosquito reproduction. In this study, we investigated how climate variables, especially temperature and rainfall, affect dengue transmission to model disease outbreaks. We developed a deterministic model incorporating temperature and rainfall as climate-related factors, to predict how climate change affects dengue transmission dynamics, thereby supporting public health strategies. We also derived the basic reproduction number ($R_{0}$), along with stability analysis to determine the system's steady-state behavior. The disease-free equilibrium is stable when $R_{0}$ is less than one, while an endemic equilibrium indicates the disease persists in the community. Moreover, we examined how sensitive parameters influence $R_{0}$. Unmanaged temperature and rainfall can significantly intensify dengue outbreaks. Human activities that increase carbon dioxide levels may raise temperatures, further exacerbating the situation. Our simulations show that temperatures between 20 and 30.8 degrees Celsius and rainfall below 50mm can cause an uptick in the mosquito population, which ultimately leads to dengue cases and deaths. The model is also validated using real data and found to be the best fit. Overall, the climate changes at these thresholds can result in a larger mosquito population, increasing the spread of dengue. This model offers a numerical basis for predicting how climate variables impact dengue transmission dynamics. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10865.html In recent decades, with the expansion of urbanization and increased waste production, optimal waste management and disposal have become one of the most important urban challenges. One of the biggest challenges associated with landfills is maintaining their slope stability over time. The instability of these slopes can lead to waste spillage, the release of hazardous pollutants, and increased environmental and public health threats. This study examines the problems and challenges of landfill management with a special focus on the issue of slope stability. In this regard, modern geotechnical engineering methods for strengthening slopes and preventing waste from falling are analyzed, and the environmental and social impacts of landfills are also addressed. The main objective of this research is to provide sustainable and intelligent solutions to improve the management of landfills and reduce their negative environmental and social impacts. The results of this research show that by using modern technologies in the design and maintenance of landfill slopes and using intelligent waste management systems, it is possible to improve not only the stability of slopes, but also reduce the negative environmental and health impacts on the community. These solutions are especially important in urban and densely populated areas where the volume of waste generation is high. In addition, the use of materials with better degradability and the development of more efficient waste management systems can help reduce the volume of landfill waste and improve the overall performance of landfills. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10872.html In this article, we investigate a class of nonsmooth multiobjective mathematical optimization problems with vanishing constraints (abbreviated as MMPVC) in the framework of Euclidean space. Corresponding to MMPVC, some generalized Abadie and Guignard constraint qualifications are introduced. Additionally, some Karush–Kuhn–Tucker type necessary conditions, known as stationarity conditions, are derived at the properly efficient solutions of MMPVC. The results of the paper are established by employing the tools of Clarke subdifferential. https://ijnaa.semnan.ac.ir/article_10874.html We give existence and multiplicity results of nontrivial solutions for a class of Dirichlet problems involving the $\overrightarrow{p}(x)-$Laplacian operator. The proof is based on the use of adequate variational methods and a variant of the Mountain Pass lemma.