A review of security methods in smart homes

Document Type : Review articles

Author

Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

A smart gateway, which plays an important role in a smart home, generally connects the internal and external networks of the home, and also jointly manages the smart Internet of Things (IoT) devices equipped with the smart home. Protocols collect generated data from nearby devices and even perform some local data processing tasks. In this paper, we first review the entire research field of smart homes, focusing on a framework based on edge computing and multiple intelligent agents. Then, we divide the evolution of smart gates into three generations based on the timeline and various criteria including quality of experience (QoE), AI support, software-defined networking, etc. Next, we will discuss the key technologies and components of smart gateways such as operating systems, wireless communication protocols, and security. Finally, we examine the challenges and trends of smart gates. This article examines the importance of building a secure smart home system.

Keywords

[1] I.F. Akyildiz, C. Han and S. Nie, Combating the distance problem in the millimetre wave and terahertz frequency bands, IEEE Commun. Mag. 56 (2018), no. 6, 102–108.
[2] M. Alaa, A.A. Zaidan, B.B. Zaidan, M. Talal, M.L.M. Kiah, A review of smart home applications based on internet of things, J Netw. Comput. Appl. 97 (2017), 48–65.
[3] A.S. Alfakeeh, A.H. Al-Bayatti, F. Siewe and T. Baker, Agent-based negotiation approach for feature interactions in smart home systems using calculus of the context-aware ambient, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 33 (2019), no. 2,  e3808.
[4] P. Angove, M. O’Grady, J. Hayes, B. O’Flynn, G. O’Hare and D. Diamond, A mobile gateway for remote interaction with wireless sensor networks, IEEE Sens. J. 11 (2011), no. 12, 3309–3310.
[5] S. Arrizabalaga, P. Cabezas, J. Legarda and A. Salterain, Multi-residential gateway: an innovative concept and a practical approach, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54 (2008), no. 2, 444–452.
[6] A.L. Ben and I. Jamai, SDN, slicing, and NFV paradigms for a smart home: a comprehensive survey, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 30 (2019), no. 10.
[7] D. Bonino, E. Castellina and F. Corno, The DOG gateway: enabling ontology-based intelligent domotic environments, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54 (2008), no. 4, 1656–1664.
[8] R. Borja, J.R. De La Pinta, A. Lvarez and J.M. Maestre, Integration of service robots in the smart home by means of UPnP: a surveillance robot case study, Robot Auton. Syst. 61 (2013), no. 2, 153–160.
[9] D. Bregman and A. Korman, A universal implementation model for the smart home, Int. J. Smart Home 3 (2009), no. 3, 15–30.
[10] P.M. Bull, P.R. Benyon and P.R. Limb, Resident gateways, BT Technol. J. 20 (2002), no. 2, 73–81.
[11] D. Chattopadhyay, A. Samantaray and A. Datta, Device microagent for IoT home gateway: a lightweight plugn-play architecture, ACM SIGBED Rev. 15 (2018), no. 2, 16–23.
[12] A. Crabtree, T. Rodden, T. Hemmings and S. Benford, Finding a place for UbiComp in the home, UbiComp 2003: Ubiquitous Computing: 5th Int. Conf., Seattle, WA, USA, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 208–226.
[13] G. Cui, Q. He, X. Xia, F. Chen, H. Jin and Y. Yang, Robustness-oriented k edge server placement, 20th IEEE/ACM Int. Symp. Cluster Cloud Internet Comput. (CCGRID), IEEE, 2020, pp. 81–90.
[14] S.K. Das, D.J. Cook, A. Battacharya, E.O. Heierman and T.-Y. Lin, The role of prediction algorithms in the MavHome smart home architecture, IEEE Wirel. Commun. 9 (2002), no. 6, 77–84.
[15] S.S. Dhillon, M.S. Vitiello, E.H. Linfield, A.G. Davies, M.C. Hoffmann, J. Booske, C. Paoloni, M. Gensch, P. Weightman, G.P. Williams and E. Castro-Camus, The 2017 terahertz science and technology roadmap, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 50 (2017), no. 4, 1–49.
[16] F. Ding, A. Song, E. Tong and J. Li, A smart gateway architecture for improving efficiency of home network applications, J. Sens. 2016 (2016), 1–10.
[17] M. Diyan, S.B. Nathali, J. Han, Z.B. Cao and K. Han, Intelligent Internet of Things gateway supporting heterogeneous energy data management and processing, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 2020 (2020), no. 3, e3919. 
[18] O. Galinina, K. Mikhaylov, S. Andreev, A. Turlikov and Y. Koucheryavy, Smart home gateway system over Bluetooth low energy with wireless energy transfer capability, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2015 (2015), no. 1, 178–185.
[19] S. Ghafoor, N. Boujnah, M.H. Rehmani and A. Davy, MAC protocols for terahertz communication: a comprehensive survey, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 22 (2020), no. 4, 2236–2282.
[20] K. Gill, S.-H. Yang, F. Yao and X. Lu, A Zigbee-based home automation system, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 55 (2009), no. 2, 422–430.
[21] K.P. Gopi, K.S. Ravi, K.H. Kishore, K. Krishnaveni, K.N.S. Rao and RD. Prasad, Design and development of bidirectional IoT gateway using ZigBee and Wi-Fi technologies with MQTT protocol, Int. J. Eng. Technol. 7 (2018), no. 2, 125–129.
[22] M. Greeson, Residential gateways: testing the waters of market viability, In Proc. Residential Gateway European Forum 2001 Pre-Forum Wksp, 2001.
[23] F.T.H. Hartog, M. Balm, C.M. Jong, J.J.B. Kwaaitaai, Convergence of residential gateway technology, IEEE Commun. Mag. 42 (2004), no. 5, 138–143.
[24] Q. He, G. Cui, X. Zhang, F. Chen, S. Deng, H. Jin, Y. Li and Y. Yang, A game-theoretical approach for user allocation in edge computing environment, IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst. 31 (2020), no. 3, 515–529.
[25] H. Elayan, O. Amin, R.M. Shubair and M. Alouini, Terahertz communication: the opportunities of wireless technology beyond 5G, Int. Conf. Adv. Commun. Technol. Network. (CommNet), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–5.
[26] J. Hosek, P. Masek, D. Kovac, M. Ries and F. Kropfl, IP home gateway as universal multi-purpose enabler for smart home services, Elektrotech. Informat. 131 (2014), no. 4-5, 123–128.
[27] M. Jae-Chul, L. Hyo-Sang and K. Soon-Ju, Real-time event kernel architecture for home-network gateway set-top-box (HNGS), IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. 45 (1999), no. 3, 488–495.
[28] S. Jaouhari, E. Palacios-Garcia, A. Anvari-Moghaddam and A. Bouabdallah, Integrated management of energy, wellbeing and health in the next generation of smart homes, Sensors 19 (2019), no. 3,  481.
[29] C.D. Kidd, R. Orr, G.D. Abowd, C.G. Atkeson, I.A. Essa, B. MacIntyre, E. Mynatt, T.E. Starner and W. Newstetter, The aware home: a living laboratory for ubiquitous computing research, Proc. Second Int. Workshop Cooperative Build., Pittsburgh, USA, Springer-Verlag 191 (1999), 191–198.
[30] J.F. Kingman, The single server queue in heavy traffic, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 57 (1960), no. 4, 902–904.
[31] P. Lai, Q. He, M. Abdelrazek, F. Chen, J. Hosking, J. Grundy and Y. Yang, Optimal edge user allocation in edge computing with variable sized vector bin packing, In Service-Oriented Comput.: 16th Int. Conf., ICSOC 2018, Hangzhou, China, Springer Int. Pub. 16 (2018), 230–245.
[32] P. Lai, Q. He, G. Cui, F. Chen, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy, J. Hosking and Y. Yang, Quality of experienceaware user allocation in edge computing systems: a potential game, IEEE 40th Int. Conf. Distrib. Comput. Syst. (ICDCS), IEEE, 2020, pp. 223–233.
[33] Z. Lan, L. Henry and K. Chan, Information fusion based smart home control system and its application, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electr. 54 (2008), no. 3, 1157–1165.
[34] Y. Li, Design of smart home gateway based on Wi-Fi and ZigBee, AIP Conf. Proc., AIP Publishing LLC 1955 (2018), no. 1, 040112.
[35] S. Li, Editorial: Zero trust-based Internet of Things, EAI Endors. Trans. IoT. 5 (2020), no. 20.
[36] S. Li, L. Da Xu and S. Zhao, The Internet of Things: A survey, Inf. Syst. Front. 17 (2015), no. 2, 243–259.
[37] S. Li, L. Da Xu and S. Zhao, 5G Internet of Things: A survey, J. Ind. Inf. Int. 15 (2018), 1–9.
[38] S. Li and D.J. Deng, Editorial: smart technologies improve our daily lives, EAI Endor Trans IoT 5 (2019), no. 18.
[39] M. Li, W. Gu, W. Chen, Y. He, Y. Wu and Y. Zhang, Smart home: architecture, technologies and systems, Proc. Comput. Sci. 131 (2018), 393–400.
[40] R.Y.M. Li, H. Li, C. Mak and T.B. Tang, Sustainable smart home and home automation: big data analytics approach, Int. J. Smart Home 10 (2016), no. 8, 177–198.
[41] S. Li, H. Song and M. Iqbal, Privacy and security for resource-constrained IoT devices and networks: research challenges and opportunities, Sensors 19 (2019), no. 8, 1935.
[42] S. Li, T. Tryfonas and H. Li, The Internet of Things: A security point of view, Internet Res. 26 (2016), no. 2, 337–359.
[43] A.P. Linh and T. Kim, A study of the Z-wave protocol: Implementing your own smart home gateway, 3rd Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Syst. (ICCCS), IEEE, 2018, pp. 411–415.
[44] J.D. Little, A proof for the queuing formula, Oper. Res. 9 (1961), no. 3, 383–387.
[45] G. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Tian, Z. Yang and Z. Wu, Mobility-aware dynamic service placement for edge computing, EAI Endor. Trans. IoT. 5 (2019), no. 19.
[46] T.D. Mendes, R. Godina, E.M. Rodrigues, J.C. Matias and J.P. Catal˜ao, Smart home communication technologies and applications: wireless protocol assessment for home area network resources, Energies 8 (2015), no. 7, 7279–7311.
[47] S. Meyer, A. Rakotonirainy, A survey of research on context-aware homes, Proc. Aust. Inf. Secur. Workshop Conf. ACSW Front. 21 (2003), 159–168.
[48] D. Mocrii, Y. Chen and P. Musilek, IoT-based smart homes: A review of system architecture, software, communications, privacy and security, Internet Things 1-2 (2018), no. 9, 81–98.
[49] M. Mozer, The neural network house: an environment that adapts to its inhabitants, In Proc. AAAI Spring Symp. Intell. Environ. 58 (1998), 110–114.
[50] Y. Ni, F. Miao, J. Liu and J. Chai, Implementation of wireless gateway for smart home, Commun. Netw. 5 (2013), no. 01, 16–20.
[51] S. Oh, J.H. Kim and G. Fox, Real-time performance analysis for publish/subscribe systems, Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 26 (2010), no. 3, 318–323.
[52] A. Pal, C. Bhaumik, J. Shukla and S. Kolay, Energy information gateway for home, Second Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Modell. Simul., IEEE, 2011, pp. 235–240.
[53] V. Petrov, J. Kokkoniemi, D. Moltchanov, J. Lehtomaki, Y. Koucheryavy and M. Juntti, Last meter indoor terahertz: Wireless access performance insights and implementation roadmap, IEEE Commun. Mag. 56 (2018), no. 6, 158–165.
[54] Z. Qifeng, Research and implementation of intelligent home gateway based on triple play, PhD Thesis, Yanshan University, 2012.
[55] A.M. Rahmani, T.N. Gia, B. Negash, A. Anzanpour, I. Azimi, M. Jiang and P. Liljeberg, Exploiting smart e-health gateways at the edge of healthcare Internet-of-Things: a fog computing approach, Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 78 (2018), 641–658.
[56] A.M. Rahmani, N.K. Thanigaivelan, T.N. Gia, J. Granados, B. Negash, P. Liljeberg and H. Tenhunen, Smart e-health gateway: Bringing intelligence to internet-of-things based ubiquitous healthcare systems, 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Commun. Network. Conf. (CCNC), IEEE, 2015, pp. 826–834.
[57] H. Schulzrinne, X. Wu, S. Sidiroglou and S. Berger, Ubiquitous computing in home networks, IEEE Commun. Mag. 41 (2003), no. 11, 128–135.
[58] L. Shaowei, L. Weimin, P. Xianmin and Z. Wei, The communication model based on SIP and ZigBee for intelligent home electricity system, Int. Conf. Multimedia Technol., IEEE, 2011, pp. 5594–5597.
[59] P. Sridhara, N. Kamath and S. Srinivas, A microservices-based smart IoT gateway system, Smart Intell. Comput. Appl. 2 (2019), 619–630.
[60] H.B. Stauffer, Smart enabling system for home automation, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 37 (1991), no. 2.
[61] H. Sumi, The gator tech smart house: a programmable pervasive space, Comput. 38 (2005), no. 3, 50–60.
[62] A. Tsutsui, Latest trends in home networking technologies, IEICE Trans. Commun. 91 (2008), no. 8, 2470–2476.
[63] D. Valtchev and I. Frankov, Service gateway architecture for a smart home, IEEE Commun. Mag. 40 (2002), no. 4, 126–132.
[64] M.H. Vastenburg, D.V. Keyson and H. Ridder, Considerate home notification systems: A field study of acceptability of notifications in the home, Pers. Ubiquit. Comput. 12 (2008), no. 8, 555–566.
[65] M.H. Vastenburg, D.V. Keyson and H. Ridder, Considerate home notification systems: a user study of acceptability of notifications in a living-room laboratory, Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 67 (2009), no. 9, 814–826.
[66] P. Veikko, Experimental design for a next-generation residential gateway, PhD Thesis, Aalto University, 2010.
[67] P. Wang, F. Ye and X. Chen, A smart home gateway platform for data collection and awareness, IEEE Commun. Mag. 56 (2018), no. 9, 87–93.
[68] P. Wang, F. Ye, X. Chen and Y. Qian, Datanet: deep learning based encrypted network traffic classification in SDN home gateway, IEEE Access 6 (2018), 55380–55391.
[69] Z. Wei, J. Li, Y. Yang and D. Jia, A residential gateway architecture based on cloud computing, IEEE Int. Conf. Software Engin. Service Sci., IEEE, 2010, pp. 245–248.
[70] M. Weiser, The computer for the 21st century, Sci. Am. 9 (1991), 94–104.
[71] M. Weiser, R. Gold and J.S. Brown, The origins of ubiquitous computing research at PARC in the late 1980s, IBM Syst J. 38 (1999), no. 4, 693–696.
[72] C.-L. Wu, C.-F. Liao and L.-C. Fu, Service-oriented smart-home architecture based on OSGi and mobile-agent technology, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev. 37 (2007), no. 2, 193–205.
[73] X. Xia, F. Chen, Q. He, G. Cui, P. Lai, M. Abdelrazek, J. Grundy and H. Jin, Graph-based optimal data caching in edge computing, Service-Oriented Comput.: 17th Int. Conf., ICSOC 2019, Toulouse, France, Springer Int. Pub. 17 (2019), 477–493.
[74] X. Xie, D. Deng and X. Deng, Design of embedded gateway software framework for heterogeneous networks interconnection, Proc. 2011 Int. Conf. Electron. Optoelect., IEEE, 2, 2011.
[75] K. Xu, X. Wang, W. Wei, H. Song and B. Mao, Toward software-defined smart home, IEEE Commun. Mag. 54 (2016), no. 5, 116–122.
[76] W. Yan, Z. Wang, K. Zhang, J. Li and D. Zhang, A multiple interfaces and multiple services residential gateway scheme, Y. Tan, Y. Shi and H. Mo, (eds.) Int. Conf. Swarm Int., Berlin, Heidelberg/Germany, Springer, 7929, 2013, no. 376–384.
[77] A.A. Zaidan and B.B. Zaidan, A review on intelligent process for smart home applications based on IoT: Coherent taxonomy, motivation, open challenges, and recommendations, Artif. Intell. Rev. 53 (2020), no. 1, 141–165.
Volume 15, Issue 2
February 2024
Pages 47-61
  • Receive Date: 13 November 2022
  • Revise Date: 04 February 2023
  • Accept Date: 20 February 2023