Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Abu Alhalawa Muna
• Mohammad Saleh

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Birzeit University, Palestine

Abstract

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the periodic character, invariant intervals, oscillation and global stability and other new results of all positive solutions of the equation
$$x_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha +\beta x_n}{A+B{x}_n+C{x}_{n-k}},n=0,1,2,\dots ,$$
where the parameters $\alpha$, $\beta$, $A$, $B$ and $C$ are positive, and the initial conditions $x_{-k},x_{-k+1},\dots ,x_{-1},x_0$ are positive real numbers and $k\in \{1,2,3,\dots \}$. We give a detailed description of the semi-cycles of solutions and determine conditions under which the equilibrium points are globally asymptotically stable. In particular, our paper is a generalization of the rational difference equation that was investigated by Kulenovic et al. [The Dynamics of $x_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha +\beta x_n}{A+B{x}_n+C{x}_{n-1}}$, Facts and Conjectures, Comput. Math. Appl. 45 (2003) 1087--1099].

Keywords

• stability theory
• semi-cycle analysis
• invariant intervals
• nonlinear difference equations
• discrete dynamical systems